{"id":17587,"date":"2017-09-08T02:28:33","date_gmt":"2017-09-08T01:28:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.revue3emillenaire.com\/blog\/?p=17587"},"modified":"2017-09-08T02:28:33","modified_gmt":"2017-09-08T01:28:33","slug":"sciences-experimentales-point-de-depart-de-lanalyse-philosophique-claude-tresmontant","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revue3emillenaire.com\/blog\/sciences-experimentales-point-de-depart-de-lanalyse-philosophique-claude-tresmontant\/","title":{"rendered":"Les sciences exp\u00e9rimentales et le point de d\u00e9part de l’analyse philosophique par Claude Tresmontant"},"content":{"rendered":"

Conf\u00e9rence donn\u00e9e au Centre d’\u00c9tudes et de Recherches Nucl\u00e9aires, Gen\u00e8ve, le 19 octobre<\/b><\/span><\/span> <\/b>1977.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Comme<\/span> vous<\/span> le<\/span> savez,<\/span> dans<\/span> l’histoire<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> pens\u00e9e<\/span> humaine,<\/span> pour<\/span> autant<\/span> qu’elle<\/span> nous<\/span> est <\/span>connue, <\/span>on <\/span>distingue plusieurs d\u00e9marches fondamentales, plusieurs points <\/span>de <\/span>d\u00e9part pour l’analyse<\/span> et <\/span>le <\/span>traitement des probl\u00e8mes<\/span> philosophiques.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1. Un <\/span><\/span>premier point <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9part <\/span><\/span>est celui que l’on <\/span><\/span>observe <\/span><\/span>par <\/span><\/span>exemple dans <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>grande<\/span><\/span> tradition <\/span><\/span>m\u00e9taphysique <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>th\u00e9osophique <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>l’Inde, <\/span><\/span>qui <\/span><\/span>remonte <\/span><\/span>au <\/span><\/span>moins <\/span><\/span>au X<\/span><\/span>e <\/span><\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle <\/span><\/span>avant notre \u00e8re.<\/span><\/span> Dans cette<\/span><\/span> grande<\/span><\/span> tradition<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9taphysique,<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> point<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9part,<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> textes<\/span><\/span> sacr\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> suppos\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9s,<\/span><\/span> le <\/span><\/span>V\u00e9da,<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> Upanishad<\/span><\/span> ;<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> toute<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> tradition<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9taphysique<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’Inde<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> travers<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> si\u00e8cles<\/span><\/span> va<\/span><\/span> commenter<\/span><\/span> ces textes <\/span><\/span>fondamentaux, <\/span><\/span>puis <\/span><\/span>commenter <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>commentaires <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>ainsi <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>suite. <\/span><\/span>Pour nous qui<\/span><\/span> sommes <\/span><\/span>rationalistes, <\/span>la premi\u00e8re question bien \u00e9videmment est de savoir ce que valent ces textes<\/span> initiaux<\/span> dont<\/span> on<\/span> part<\/span> et<\/span> qui<\/span> sont<\/span> suppos\u00e9s<\/span> r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9s.<\/span> Nous<\/span> voulons<\/span> savoir<\/span> comment<\/span> on<\/span> \u00e9tablit<\/span> que<\/span> ces<\/span> textes contiennent une r\u00e9v\u00e9lation. Nous portons un <\/span>examen <\/span>critique <\/span>aux sources <\/span>de <\/span>toute <\/span>la<\/span> tradition<\/span> m\u00e9taphysique et th\u00e9osophique de l’Inde et cela d’autant plus que cette tradition, dans<\/span> son ensemble, se caract\u00e9rise par un m\u00e9pris d\u00e9cid\u00e9 et syst\u00e9matique pour l’enseignement<\/span> de l’exp\u00e9rience, qui est qualifi\u00e9 d’illusoire. Entre l’exp\u00e9rience et des textes suppos\u00e9s r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9s, il<\/span> nous faut<\/span> choisir<\/span> et,<\/span> quant<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> nous,<\/span> le<\/span> choix<\/span> est<\/span> fait<\/span> :<\/span> mais<\/span> les<\/span> ma\u00eetres<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> tradition<\/span> moniste<\/span> de<\/span> l’Inde ont fait le choix inverse : ils ont choisi les textes suppos\u00e9s r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9s contre<\/span> l’exp\u00e9rience.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Un deuxi\u00e8me point de d\u00e9part pour l’analyse philosophique, inverse du<\/span><\/span> pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent, est<\/span><\/span> justement<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> point<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9part<\/span><\/span> exp\u00e9rimental,<\/span><\/span> l’exp\u00e9rience<\/span><\/span> elle-m\u00eame.<\/span><\/span> On<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> commence<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> par d\u00e9clarer que la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 objective connue dans notre exp\u00e9rience est illusoire. On part de cette<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9alit\u00e9 objective et on en essaie l’analyse rationnelle jusqu’au<\/span><\/span> bout.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C’est<\/span> cette<\/span> m\u00e9thode<\/span> exp\u00e9rimentale<\/span> qu’ont<\/span> choisi<\/span> des<\/span> philosophes<\/span> comme<\/span> Aristote<\/span> au<\/span> IV<\/span>e<\/span><\/span><\/sup> si\u00e8cle<\/span> avant<\/span> notre<\/span> \u00e8re,<\/span> ou,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> l’autre<\/span> bout<\/span> de<\/span> l’histoire<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> philosophie,<\/span> Henri<\/span> Bergson<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> fin<\/span> du XIX<\/span>e<\/span><\/span><\/sup> et<\/span> au<\/span> d\u00e9but<\/span> du<\/span> XX<\/span>e<\/span><\/span><\/sup> si\u00e8cle.<\/span> Remarquons<\/span> qu’ils<\/span> \u00e9taient<\/span> l’un<\/span> et<\/span> l’autre<\/span> des<\/span> naturalistes,<\/span> des hommes de formation biologique, fascin\u00e9s durant leur vie enti\u00e8re par la r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/span> biologique.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3. Un<\/span><\/span> troisi\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> point<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9part<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> troisi\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9thode<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> faire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la philosophie,<\/span><\/span> c’est<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> construction<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> priori,<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> construction<\/span><\/span> d’un<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> sans<\/span><\/span> base<\/span><\/span> exp\u00e9rimentale. On<\/span><\/span> part<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> quelques<\/span><\/span> principes<\/span><\/span> pos\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> priori<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> on<\/span><\/span> proc\u00e8de<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9duction.<\/span><\/span> Au<\/span><\/span> lieu<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> proc\u00e9der, comme<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> faisait<\/span><\/span> Aristote<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> comme<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> voulut<\/span><\/span> aussi<\/span><\/span> Bergson,<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> partir<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’exp\u00e9rience<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> d’une mani\u00e8re inductive, on proc\u00e8de d’une mani\u00e8re d\u00e9ductive. Toute la question est de savoir quels<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> ces principes d’o\u00f9 l’on part, quelles sont les intuitions originelles dont on proc\u00e8de pour<\/span><\/span> construire tout le syst\u00e8me et ce qu’elles valent… Les grands syst\u00e8mes de l’id\u00e9alisme allemand montrent<\/span><\/span> qu’en fait les intuitions originelles sont encore, tout comme dans la premi\u00e8re m\u00e9thode ou d\u00e9marche,<\/span><\/span> des intuitions de type th\u00e9osophique et<\/span><\/span> initiatique.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’av\u00e8nement des sciences exp\u00e9rimentales, dans les temps modernes, constitue<\/span> certainement l’une des r\u00e9volutions les plus importantes dans l’histoire de la pens\u00e9e humaine. Avec les<\/span> sciences exp\u00e9rimentales, l’humanit\u00e9 apprend \u00e0 penser correctement. Elle apprend ce qu’est le<\/span> rationalisme \u00e0 base exp\u00e9rimentale. Elle apprend \u00e0 distinguer la pens\u00e9e contr\u00f4l\u00e9e par l’exp\u00e9rience, et la <\/span> pens\u00e9e mythique.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En<\/span> effet,<\/span> l’authentique<\/span> rationalisme<\/span> ne<\/span> consiste<\/span> pas<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> raisonner<\/span> en<\/span> l’air<\/span> mais<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> raisonner<\/span> en fonction<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/span> objective,<\/span> que<\/span> l’on<\/span> peut<\/span> aussi<\/span> appeler<\/span> l’\u00eatre,<\/i><\/span> <\/i>et<\/span> conform\u00e9ment<\/span> au<\/span> r\u00e9el.<\/span> Le rationalisme se d\u00e9finit par la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 objective, et non pas \u00e0 priori. Il est le plus souvent<\/span> impossible de savoir \u00e0 priori ce qui est rationnel et ce qui ne l’est pas. Le rationnel se d\u00e9finit \u00e0 partir de ce<\/span> qui est, de m\u00eame que le possible se d\u00e9finit \u00e0 partir de ce qui est, et non<\/span> l’inverse.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’information<\/span> vient<\/span> de<\/span> l’univers,<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> nature,<\/span> dans<\/span> notre<\/span> esprit<\/span> :<\/span> telle<\/span> est<\/span> l’\u00e9vidence<\/span> qui s’impose \u00e0 partir de la pratique des sciences exp\u00e9rimentales. Lorsque Crick et Watson<\/span> d\u00e9couvrent en 1953 la structure et le fonctionnement de ces mol\u00e9cules g\u00e9antes qui portent<\/span> l’h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique, ils d\u00e9couvrent de l’information qui existait dans la nature avant eux. Ils ne<\/span> pr\u00e9tendent pas<\/span> cr\u00e9er<\/span> de<\/span> l’information<\/span> qui<\/span> existait<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> nature<\/span> avant<\/span> eux.<\/span> Ils<\/span> ne<\/span> pr\u00e9tendent<\/span> pas<\/span> cr\u00e9er<\/span> de<\/span> l’information,<\/span> mais<\/span> d\u00e9couvrir<\/span> l’information<\/span> qui<\/span> pr\u00e9existait<\/span> cach\u00e9e<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> nature.<\/span> Il<\/span> en<\/span> est<\/span> ainsi pour toutes les sciences exp\u00e9rimentales : en astrophysique, en physique, en chimie et<\/span> en biochimie,<\/span> en<\/span> biologie<\/span> fondamentale,<\/span> en<\/span> zoologie<\/span> et<\/span> en<\/span> pal\u00e9ontologie,<\/span> en<\/span> neurophysiologie,<\/span> en psychologie<\/span> animale<\/span> et<\/span> humaine<\/span> ;<\/span> toujours<\/span> le<\/span> savant<\/span> d\u00e9couvre<\/span> de<\/span> l’information<\/span> qui<\/span> existait<\/span> dans l’univers<\/span> ou<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> nature,<\/span> avant<\/span> lui,<\/span> ind\u00e9pendamment<\/span> de<\/span> lui,<\/span> ind\u00e9pendamment<\/span> du<\/span> sujet<\/span> humain connaissant.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’information <\/span>va <\/span>donc <\/span>de <\/span>l’univers <\/span>et de la <\/span>nature, dans notre <\/span>esprit <\/span>; <\/span>notre esprit<\/span> d\u00e9couvre<\/span> l’information <\/span>qui <\/span>existait <\/span>dans <\/span>l’univers <\/span>et <\/span>dans <\/span>la <\/span>nature, <\/span>dans <\/span>l’homme <\/span>m\u00eame, dans<\/span> l’organisme<\/span> humain,<\/span> avant<\/span> que<\/span> l’homme<\/span> ne<\/span> le<\/span> sache.<\/span> Conna\u00eetre,<\/span> c’est<\/span> assimiler<\/span> de<\/span> l’information,<\/span> de<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> que <\/span>manger<\/span> c’est<\/span> assimiler<\/span> des<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> que<\/span> nous<\/span> prenons<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> nature<\/span> pour<\/span> les<\/span> transformer<\/span> en<\/span> nos <\/span>propres<\/span> mol\u00e9cules.<\/span> Il<\/span> existe<\/span> une<\/span> analogie<\/span> entre<\/span> conna\u00eetre<\/span> et<\/span> manger,<\/span> entre<\/span> la<\/span> connaissance<\/span> et <\/span>l’assimilation <\/span>biologique, comme l’a bien <\/span>montr\u00e9 <\/span>Jean <\/span>Piaget depuis <\/span>un <\/span>demi-si\u00e8cle. <\/span>La<\/span> connaissance consiste<\/span> toujours<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> assimiler<\/span> de<\/span> l’information<\/span> qui<\/span> se<\/span> trouve<\/span> d’abord<\/span> hors<\/span> de<\/span> notre<\/span> esprit,<\/span> dans<\/span> le r\u00e9el<\/span> objectif.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’av\u00e8nement <\/span>des <\/span>sciences exp\u00e9rimentales <\/span>a <\/span>conduit <\/span>la <\/span>pens\u00e9e humaine, <\/span>dans son <\/span>ensemble,<\/span> \u2014 <\/span>disons <\/span>pour \u00eatre plus <\/span>pr\u00e9cis, <\/span>la <\/span>pens\u00e9e des hommes <\/span>de <\/span>science, <\/span>\u2014 <\/span>au <\/span>plus grand <\/span>scepticisme <\/span>\u00e0<\/span> l’\u00e9gard<\/span> de la <\/span>philosophie. <\/span>On <\/span>trouvera <\/span>un <\/span>tr\u00e8s bon <\/span>exemple <\/span>de ce <\/span>scepticisme <\/span>dans <\/span>un <\/span>charmant petit<\/span> ouvrage<\/span> de <\/span>l’illustre psychologue suisse <\/span>Jean <\/span>Piaget, <\/span>Sagesse et illusions de la<\/i><\/span> <\/i>philosophie.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ce scepticisme s’explique par le fait qu’en Europe, <\/span>depuis plusieurs <\/span>si\u00e8cles, <\/span>les plus<\/span> c\u00e9l\u00e8bres <\/span>parmi <\/span>les philosophes <\/span>pr\u00e9tendaient proc\u00e9der \u00e0 priori et non selon les <\/span>voies <\/span>de la<\/span> m\u00e9thode<\/span> exp\u00e9rimentale. <\/span>Les <\/span>grands syst\u00e8mes m\u00e9taphysiques <\/span>de <\/span>Descartes, <\/span>de <\/span>Spinoza, <\/span>de <\/span>Leibniz,<\/span> de <\/span>Malebranche puis <\/span>de <\/span>Fichte, <\/span>de <\/span>Schelling <\/span>et de <\/span>Hegel, <\/span>\u00e9taient construits \u00e0 priori. La<\/span> seule m\u00e9taphysique<\/span> que<\/span> Kant<\/span> ait<\/span> connue,<\/span> et<\/span> donc<\/span> la<\/span> seule<\/span> qu’il<\/span> ait<\/span> pu<\/span> critiquer,<\/span> c’est<\/span> une<\/span> m\u00e9taphysique<\/span> qui<\/span> proc\u00e8de,<\/span> comme<\/span> il<\/span> le<\/span> dit<\/span> cent<\/span> fois,<\/span> totalement<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> priori<\/span> et<\/span> par<\/span> purs<\/span> concepts,<\/span> ind\u00e9pendamment<\/span> de<\/span> l’exp\u00e9rience.<\/span> Kant<\/span> partait<\/span> d’ailleurs<\/span> et<\/span> au<\/span> surplus<\/span> du<\/span> pr\u00e9suppos\u00e9<\/span> faux,<\/span> que<\/span> l’exp\u00e9rience<\/span> par<\/span> elle-<\/span>m\u00eame<\/span> et<\/span> en<\/span> elle-m\u00eame<\/span> n’est<\/span> pas<\/span> inform\u00e9e.<\/span> S’il<\/span> y<\/span> a<\/span> de<\/span> l’information<\/span> dans<\/span> notre<\/span> exp\u00e9rience,<\/span> ou<\/span> de l’intelligibilit\u00e9 pour parler son langage, c’est, nous dit-il, parce que le sujet connaissant a<\/span> introduit cette information, cette intelligibilit\u00e9 dans la mati\u00e8re brute fournie par l’objet. C’est l\u00e0<\/span> l’erreur.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nous voudrions montrer comment <\/span>se <\/span>pose <\/span>un <\/span>probl\u00e8me <\/span>philosophique, <\/span>en <\/span>quoi <\/span>il<\/span> consiste,<\/span> comment <\/span>il se <\/span>rattache <\/span>\u00e0 la <\/span>r\u00e9alit\u00e9 <\/span>objective, <\/span>et <\/span>comment <\/span>il <\/span>peut <\/span>se <\/span>traiter. Autrement dit,<\/span> nous voudrions montrer, <\/span>par <\/span>quelques <\/span>exemples, <\/span>o\u00f9 se <\/span>situe <\/span>le <\/span>point <\/span>de <\/span>d\u00e9part <\/span>de <\/span>l’analyse<\/span> philosophique<\/span> par rapport aux sciences<\/span> exp\u00e9rimentales.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nous<\/span> voudrions<\/span> montrer<\/span> que<\/span> les<\/span> probl\u00e8mes<\/span> philosophiques<\/span> ne<\/span> sont<\/span> pas<\/span> arbitraires.<\/span> Ce<\/span> ne<\/span> sont <\/span>pas des productions <\/span>capricieuses dues aux t\u00eates surchauff\u00e9es de <\/span>quelques philosophes. <\/span>Ce <\/span>sont<\/span> des probl\u00e8mes <\/span>qui <\/span>s’imposent objectivement <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>l’intelligence humaine <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>partir <\/span>de la <\/span>r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/span> objective scientifiquement<\/span> explor\u00e9e,<\/span> plus<\/span> encore<\/span> aujourd’hui,<\/span> au<\/span> XX<\/span>e <\/span><\/span><\/sup> si\u00e8cle,<\/span> qu’hier.<\/span> C’est<\/span> ce<\/span> qu’aper\u00e7oivent <\/span>d’ailleurs <\/span>d\u00e9j\u00e0 <\/span>quelques savants <\/span>de <\/span>par <\/span>le <\/span>monde. <\/span>Ces <\/span>probl\u00e8mes philosophiques <\/span>et <\/span>m\u00eames,<\/span> disons-le, m\u00e9taphysiques,<\/span> on<\/span> peut<\/span> bien<\/span> s\u00fbr<\/span> les<\/span> refouler,<\/span> les<\/span> inhiber,<\/span> tenter<\/span> de<\/span> les<\/span> mettre<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> porte<\/span> ou<\/span> ne<\/span> pas<\/span> vouloir<\/span> les<\/span> consid\u00e9rer.<\/span> On<\/span> peut<\/span> en<\/span> avoir<\/span> honte.<\/span> Ils<\/span> n’en<\/span> existent<\/span> pas<\/span> moins.<\/span> Ils<\/span> sont<\/span> l\u00e0<\/span> et<\/span> ils attendent<\/span> que<\/span> nous<\/span> les<\/span> traitions<\/span> d’une<\/span> mani\u00e8re<\/span> raisonnable.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I \u2014<\/span> Premier<\/span> exemple<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> partir<\/span> de<\/span> l’astrophysique<\/span><\/h1>\n

Quel est l’objet de l’astrophysique? C’est d’\u00e9tudier, <\/span>comme tout <\/span>le <\/span>monde <\/span>le <\/span>sait, <\/span>la <\/span>gen\u00e8se,<\/span> la formation<\/span> et<\/span> la<\/span> structure<\/span> de<\/span> notre<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> solaire<\/span> ;<\/span> la<\/span> gen\u00e8se,<\/span> la<\/span> formation<\/span> et<\/span> la<\/span> structure<\/span> de<\/span> notre galaxie<\/span> ;<\/span> la<\/span> gen\u00e8se,<\/span> la<\/span> formation<\/span> et<\/span> la<\/span> structure<\/span> de<\/span> toutes<\/span> les<\/span> autres<\/span> galaxies<\/span> accessibles<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> notre <\/span>observation;<\/span> et,<\/span> finalement,<\/span> la<\/span> gen\u00e8se,<\/span> la<\/span> formation<\/span> et<\/span> la<\/span> structure<\/span> de<\/span> l’univers<\/span> dans<\/span> son<\/span> ensemble.<\/span> Autrement dit, c’est <\/span>de <\/span>savoir <\/span>ce <\/span>qu’est l’univers, <\/span>de <\/span>quelle mani\u00e8re <\/span>il <\/span>est constitu\u00e9, <\/span>et de<\/span> quelle mani\u00e8re <\/span>il <\/span>s’est <\/span>historiquement<\/span> form\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’astrophysique<\/span> a<\/span> donc<\/span> un<\/span> objet<\/span> :<\/span> l’univers<\/span> dans<\/span> son<\/span> ensemble,<\/span> et<\/span> ces<\/span> sous-ensembles<\/span> que sont les galaxies, ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments des galaxies que sont les \u00e9toiles,<\/span> etc.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mais<\/span> le<\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span> pos\u00e9<\/span> par<\/span> l’existence<\/i><\/span> <\/i>m\u00eame<\/span> de<\/span> l’univers,<\/span> est-ce<\/span> que<\/span> l’astrophysique<\/span> le traite,<\/span> est-ce<\/span> qu’elle<\/span> l’aborde?<\/span> Certes<\/span> non.<\/span> On<\/span> ne<\/span> trouve<\/span> dans<\/span> aucun<\/span> trait\u00e9<\/span> d’astrophysique,<\/span> ni<\/span> au d\u00e9but<\/span> du<\/span> trait\u00e9<\/span> ni<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> fin,<\/span> un<\/span> chapitre<\/span> intitul\u00e9<\/span> :<\/span> \u201cLes<\/span> probl\u00e8mes<\/span> pos\u00e9s<\/span> par<\/span> l’existence<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> de l’univers<\/span> \u201d.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Or ce probl\u00e8me se pose, il s’impose m\u00eame \u00e0 l’intelligence humaine, depuis que<\/span> l’intelligence humaine<\/span> s’est<\/span> \u00e9veill\u00e9e<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> pens\u00e9e<\/span> sp\u00e9culative.<\/span> Nous<\/span> ne<\/span> pouvons<\/span> pas,<\/span> avec<\/span> les<\/span> documents<\/span> dont nous<\/span> disposons,<\/span> remonter<\/span> bien<\/span> au-del\u00e0<\/span> du<\/span> XV<\/span>e<\/span><\/span><\/sup> si\u00e8cle<\/span> avant<\/span> notre<\/span> \u00e8re<\/span> ;<\/span> mais,<\/span> en<\/span> d\u00e9chiffrant<\/span> les documents les plus anciens qui nous soient accessibles, nous d\u00e9couvrons que la pens\u00e9e<\/span> humaine s’est toujours pos\u00e9e la question de savoir : comment comprendre l’existence m\u00eame de l’univers<\/span> ?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les<\/span> solutions<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> ce<\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span> ne<\/span> sont<\/span> pas<\/span> en<\/span> nombre<\/span> ind\u00e9fini.<\/span> Elles<\/span> sont<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> en<\/span> tout<\/span> petit nombre.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1. Il<\/span><\/span> existe<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> grande<\/span><\/span> tradition,<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> remonte<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> l’Inde<\/span><\/span> ancienne,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> selon<\/span><\/span> laquelle l’existence de l’univers n’est qu’une apparence. Le r\u00e9el objectif, celui qu’\u00e9tudient nos sciences<\/span><\/span> exp\u00e9rimentales,<\/span><\/span> n’est<\/span><\/span> qu’un<\/span><\/span> songe,<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> leurre,<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> pure<\/span><\/span> apparence.<\/span><\/span> La<\/span><\/span> multiplicit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> \u00eatres n’est qu’une illusion. L’\u00catre est Un, c’est le Brahman, et tout le reste est apparence,<\/span><\/span> illusion, <\/span><\/span>maya. <\/i><\/span><\/span>C’est<\/span> l’une<\/span> des<\/span> solutions<\/span> possibles<\/span> au<\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span> pos\u00e9<\/span> par<\/span> l’existence<\/span> ou<\/span> l’\u00eatre<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> de l’univers.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Une<\/span><\/span> autre<\/span><\/span> doctrine<\/span><\/span> trouve<\/span><\/span> aussi<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> repr\u00e9sentants<\/span><\/span> d\u00e8s<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> origines<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> pens\u00e9e humaine connue, en Inde comme en Gr\u00e8ce et comme en Chine. C’est la doctrine selon laquelle,<\/span><\/span> l’univers,<\/span><\/span> c’est<\/span><\/span> l’\u00catre,<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> n’y<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> d’autre.<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> totalit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’\u00catre,<\/span><\/span> ou,<\/span><\/span> si<\/span><\/span> l’on<\/span><\/span> pr\u00e9f\u00e8re, l’\u00catre<\/span><\/span> absolu.<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> n\u00e9cessaire<\/span><\/span> parce<\/span><\/span> qu’il<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> l’\u00catre<\/span><\/span> lui-m\u00eame,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> impossible<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> penser<\/span><\/span> que l’\u00catre<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> soit<\/span><\/span> pas.<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> impossible<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> penser<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> n\u00e9gation<\/span><\/span> compl\u00e8te,<\/span><\/span> int\u00e9grale,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> tout<\/span><\/span> \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> quel<\/span><\/span> qu’il soit. Autrement dit, l’id\u00e9e du n\u00e9ant absolu est impensable, ce qui prouve que quelque \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> est n\u00e9cessaire. Une tr\u00e8s antique tradition de pens\u00e9e professe que l’univers lui-m\u00eame,<\/span><\/span> l’univers physique, c’est lui l’\u00catre n\u00e9cessaire, l’\u00catre absolu, le seul \u00catre ou la totalit\u00e9 de l’\u00catre, et en<\/span><\/span> dehors de lui, il n’y a<\/span><\/span> rien.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cette tradition de pens\u00e9e se rattache, en Gr\u00e8ce, au grand Parm\u00e9nide qui fleurissait autour<\/span> de 500<\/span> avant<\/span> notre<\/span> \u00e8re.<\/span> Mais<\/span> on<\/span> trouverait<\/span> des<\/span> analogies<\/span> en<\/span> Inde<\/span> et<\/span> en<\/span> Chine.<\/span> Cette<\/span> tradition<\/span> de pens\u00e9e<\/span> s’est<\/span> d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e<\/span> en<\/span> Occident<\/span> et<\/span> elle<\/span> repr\u00e9sente<\/span> ou<\/span> constitue<\/span> ce<\/span> qu’on<\/span> appelle<\/span> la<\/span> grande tradition mat\u00e9rialiste. Les p\u00e8res du marxisme, Marx lui-m\u00eame, Engels, L\u00e9nine, se r\u00e9f\u00e8rent \u00e0<\/span> elle, et s’appuient sur<\/span> elle.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Bien entendu, s’il est vrai, comme le professe cette antique et v\u00e9n\u00e9rable tradition,<\/span> que l’univers physique, c’est l’\u00catre lui-m\u00eame, la totalit\u00e9 de l’\u00catre, et qu’il n’y a rien hors de lui, alors il faut admettre, bien \u00e9videmment, que l’univers n’a jamais commenc\u00e9 et qu’il ne finira jamais, car<\/span> il est<\/span> impensable<\/span> que<\/span> l’\u00catre<\/span> ait<\/span> commenc\u00e9<\/span> et<\/span> qu’il<\/span> finisse.<\/span> Il<\/span> faudra<\/span> donc<\/span> admettre<\/span> que<\/span> l’univers<\/span> est un<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> inusable,<\/span> sans<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9ration<\/span> ni<\/span> corruption,<\/span> et<\/span> c’est<\/span> ce<\/span> que<\/span> posent,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> suite<\/span> du<\/span> grand Parm\u00e9nide, ses disciples divers. S’il y a quelque modification \u00e0 la surface de l’\u00catre absolu qui<\/span> est l’univers<\/span> il<\/span> faudra<\/span> admettre<\/span> que<\/span> ces<\/span> modifications<\/span> sont<\/span> cycliques,<\/span> r\u00e9versibles,<\/span> afin<\/span> d’\u00e9viter<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> tout prix l’id\u00e9e d’une histoire de l’univers qui est incompatible avec sa<\/span> p\u00e9rennit\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sur<\/span> ce<\/span> point<\/span> fondamental,<\/span> le<\/span> philosophe<\/span> grec<\/span> H\u00e9raclite,<\/span> qui<\/span> fleurissait<\/span> lui<\/span> aussi<\/span> autour<\/span> de 500 avant notre \u00e8re, est d’accord avec son illustre coll\u00e8gue Parm\u00e9nide, car l’un et<\/span> l’autre professent que l’univers physique est incr\u00e9\u00e9, puisqu’il est l’\u00catre total et absolu. La seule<\/span> diff\u00e9rence c’est<\/span> que<\/span> l\u00e0<\/span> o\u00f9<\/span> Parm\u00e9nide<\/span> ne<\/span> reconna\u00eet<\/span> qu’apparences<\/span> dans<\/span> le<\/span> divers<\/span> sensible<\/span> de<\/span> l’exp\u00e9rience<\/span> \u2014 tout<\/span> comme<\/span> la<\/span> grande<\/span> tradition<\/span> id\u00e9aliste<\/span> \u2014<\/span> H\u00e9raclite,<\/span> pour<\/span> sauver<\/span> la<\/span> p\u00e9rennit\u00e9<\/span> de<\/span> l’\u00catre<\/span> absolu,<\/span> professe <\/span>des <\/span>cycles \u00e9ternels <\/span>qui <\/span>permettent <\/span>d’\u00e9carter de l’\u00catre absolu qui est l’univers,<\/span> toute \u00e9volution <\/span>irr\u00e9versible <\/span>qui <\/span>serait fatale <\/span>\u00e0 sa<\/span> p\u00e9rennit\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Vous <\/span>savez <\/span>que <\/span>cette th\u00e9orie <\/span>des cycles <\/span>\u00e9ternels <\/span>a <\/span>\u00e9t\u00e9 <\/span>reprise <\/span>par <\/span>Engels <\/span>dans <\/span>sa <\/span>Dialectique<\/i><\/span> <\/i>de <\/i><\/span>la <\/i><\/span>Nature, <\/i><\/span>et <\/span>que <\/span>le <\/span>philosophe allemand Nietzsche, lui, <\/span>a <\/span>repris <\/span>la <\/span>th\u00e9orie <\/span>de <\/span>l’\u00e9ternelle r\u00e9p\u00e9tition<\/span> de l’identique, <\/span>pour <\/span>\u00e9viter, <\/span>l’un et l’autre, de devoir reconna\u00eetre une \u00e9volution irr\u00e9versible de<\/span> l’univers.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2. Une<\/span><\/span> autre<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9orie<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> apparue,<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> notre<\/span><\/span> connaissance<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> tribu<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> plusieurs<\/span><\/span> tribus<\/span><\/span> d’H\u00e9breux nomades <\/span><\/span>install\u00e9s pr\u00e9cairement en terre de Canaan \u00e0 partir du XIX<\/span><\/span>e <\/span><\/span><\/sup>ou du <\/span><\/span>XVIII<\/span><\/span>e<\/span><\/span><\/sup> si\u00e8cle<\/span><\/span> avant notre \u00e8re. Selon cette th\u00e9orie, <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e <\/span><\/span>par les <\/span><\/span>H\u00e9breux depuis <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9buts <\/span><\/span>de leurs<\/span><\/span> traditions orales<\/span><\/span> jusqu’\u00e0<\/span><\/span> l’ach\u00e8vement<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> leur<\/span><\/span> Biblioth\u00e8que<\/span><\/span> sacr\u00e9e,<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> monde,<\/span><\/span> l’univers,<\/span><\/span> existe<\/span><\/span> bel<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> bien,<\/span><\/span> il <\/span><\/span>existe objectivement. <\/span><\/span>Il <\/span><\/span>n’est pas une <\/span><\/span>apparence <\/span><\/span>ni <\/span><\/span>une <\/span><\/span>illusion comme <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>pr\u00e9tendaient <\/span><\/span>au<\/span><\/span> m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> moment <\/span><\/span>les sages <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>l’Inde. <\/span><\/span>La <\/span><\/span>pens\u00e9e <\/span><\/span>h\u00e9bra\u00efque <\/span><\/span>prend <\/span><\/span>donc <\/span><\/span>position depuis <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9but <\/span><\/span>contre <\/span><\/span>la<\/span><\/span> grande tradition <\/span><\/span>id\u00e9aliste. Mais, <\/span><\/span>d’autre <\/span><\/span>part, <\/span><\/span>l’univers n’est pas le seul \u00eatre, ni la totalit\u00e9 de l’\u00catre, ni<\/span><\/span> l’\u00catre pris absolument, ou encore l’\u00catre<\/span><\/span> absolu.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’univers <\/span>est <\/span>un <\/span>\u00eatre, <\/span>ou un <\/span>Ensemble d’\u00eatres, <\/span>mais cet Ensemble <\/span>ne <\/span>constitue <\/span>pas la totalit\u00e9<\/span> de<\/span> l’\u00catre.<\/span> L’univers<\/span> est<\/span> quelque<\/span> \u00eatre,<\/span> mais<\/span> non<\/span> pas<\/span> l’\u00catre<\/span> purement<\/span> et<\/span> simplement<\/span> comme<\/span> le<\/span> pensait Parm\u00e9nide.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Il<\/span> en<\/span> r\u00e9sulte<\/span> que<\/span> l’univers<\/span> peut<\/span> fort<\/span> bien<\/span> avoir<\/span> commenc\u00e9<\/span> :<\/span> il<\/span> n’y<\/span> a<\/span> aucun<\/span> inconv\u00e9nient<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> cela, puisqu’il n’est <\/span>pas l’\u00catre pris absolument ou la totalit\u00e9 de l’\u00catre. L’univers <\/span>peut fort <\/span>bien <\/span>avoir<\/span> une<\/span> histoire,<\/span> comporter<\/span> une<\/span> gen\u00e8se,<\/span> \u00eatre<\/span> en<\/span> train<\/span> de<\/span> s’user<\/span> d’une<\/span> mani\u00e8re<\/span> irr\u00e9versible<\/span> :<\/span> il<\/span> n’est<\/span> pas<\/span> l’\u00catre absolu.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Voil\u00e0<\/span> donc<\/span> trois<\/span> types<\/span> de<\/span> solution<\/span> au<\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span> pos\u00e9<\/span> par<\/span> l’existence<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> ou<\/span> l’\u00eatre<\/span> de l’univers.<\/span> Si<\/span> vous<\/span> en<\/span> connaissez<\/span> d’autres,<\/span> vous<\/span> me<\/span> le<\/span> direz,<\/span> ou<\/span> bien<\/span> vous<\/span> m’enverrez<\/span> une<\/span> carte<\/span> postale<\/span> pour<\/span> me<\/span> le<\/span> signaler\u2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nous avons int\u00e9r\u00eat <\/span>en <\/span>effet <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>faire <\/span>un <\/span>inventaire <\/span>complet <\/span>des solutions possibles \u00e0<\/span> ce<\/span> probl\u00e8me.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Comme <\/span>vous <\/span>le <\/span>voyez, voil\u00e0 donc <\/span>un <\/span>probl\u00e8me <\/span>qui <\/span>s’impose \u00e0 l’intelligence humaine<\/span> depuis qu’elle existe <\/span>(et pas <\/span>seulement <\/span>en <\/span>Occident comme <\/span>le <\/span>chante <\/span>le <\/span>philosophe allemand<\/span> Martin Heidegger…), <\/span>et ce <\/span>probl\u00e8me, <\/span>l’astrophysique <\/span>en <\/span>tant <\/span>que <\/span>telle est incapable <\/span>de <\/span>le <\/span>traiter,<\/span> tout simplement parce qu’en tant que telle, elle ne se <\/span>pose <\/span>pas la <\/span>question <\/span>de <\/span>l’\u00eatre <\/span>de <\/span>l’univers. Elle<\/span> part<\/span> d’un<\/span> donn\u00e9<\/span> :<\/span> l’univers<\/span> existant,<\/span> l\u00e0<\/span> sous<\/span> nos<\/span> yeux.<\/span> Et<\/span> avec<\/span> nos<\/span> plus<\/span> grands<\/span> t\u00e9lescopes,<\/span> elle<\/span> scrute<\/span> cet univers pour <\/span>le <\/span>conna\u00eetre. Elle l’\u00e9coute avec <\/span>les <\/span>radiot\u00e9lescopes. Elle <\/span>l’ausculte <\/span>de <\/span>toutes<\/span> les<\/span> mani\u00e8res, <\/span>dans son <\/span>pr\u00e9sent <\/span>et son <\/span>pass\u00e9, puisque regardant <\/span>au <\/span>loin, elle <\/span>plonge dans <\/span>le <\/span>pass\u00e9<\/span> de l’univers.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mais l’existence m\u00eame de l’univers? L’astrophysique ne traite pas ce probl\u00e8me. Et <\/span> pourtant il s’impose \u00e0 la pens\u00e9e depuis qu’elle existe sans doute. Vous pouvez <\/span>appeler comme vous<\/span> voudrez<\/span> ces <\/span>probl\u00e8mes <\/span>qui <\/span>s’imposent <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>l’intelligence humaine <\/span>et <\/span>que les <\/span>sciences exp\u00e9rimentales, <\/span>en <\/span>tant<\/span> que<\/span> telles,<\/span> sont<\/span> incapables<\/span> de<\/span> traiter.<\/span> On<\/span> a<\/span> pris<\/span> l’habitude,<\/span> en<\/span> Occident,<\/span> depuis<\/span> des<\/span> si\u00e8cles,<\/span> de<\/span> les<\/span> appeler philosophiques, <\/span>ou <\/span>encore m\u00e9taphysiques. <\/span>Si ces <\/span>termes <\/span>vous <\/span>ennuient, vous pouvez <\/span>les <\/span>rejeter<\/span> sans <\/span>inconv\u00e9nient. Restent <\/span>les <\/span>probl\u00e8mes <\/span>eux-m\u00eames <\/span>et <\/span>l’obligation <\/span>de les analyser.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Il y a <\/span>m\u00eame <\/span>eu <\/span>des <\/span>conflits, <\/span>et <\/span>violents, entre <\/span>certaines <\/span>de <\/span>ces <\/span>m\u00e9taphysiques <\/span>et <\/span>les <\/span>donn\u00e9es<\/span> de l’exp\u00e9rience. <\/span>Ainsi <\/span>au <\/span>XIX<\/span>e <\/span><\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle, <\/span>et <\/span>puis <\/span>surtout <\/span>au <\/span>XX<\/span>e<\/span><\/span><\/sup>, <\/span>lorsqu’on <\/span>a <\/span>commenc\u00e9 <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>d\u00e9couvrir<\/span> que <\/span>l’univers<\/span> est<\/span> un<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> qui<\/span> s’use,<\/span> que<\/span> les<\/span> \u00e9toiles<\/span> s’usent<\/span> et<\/span> se<\/span> consument<\/span> comme<\/span> les<\/span> fleurs<\/span> des<\/span> champs,<\/span> que<\/span> les<\/span> galaxies<\/span> ont<\/span> une<\/span> date<\/span> de<\/span> naissance,<\/span> et<\/span> que,<\/span> vraisemblablement,<\/span> l’univers<\/span> \u00e9tait<\/span> en train<\/span> d’user<\/span> d’une<\/span> mani\u00e8re<\/span> irr\u00e9versible<\/span> l’\u00e9nergie<\/span> dont<\/span> il<\/span> dispose,<\/span> c’est-\u00e0-dire<\/span> lorsqu’on<\/span> a<\/span> commenc\u00e9<\/span> \u00e0 entrevoir que l’univers est un processus \u00e9volutif irr\u00e9versible, des philosophes et m\u00eame des<\/span> savants se sont oppos\u00e9s avec acharnement \u00e0 cette d\u00e9couverte qui venait des sciences exp\u00e9rimentales,<\/span> pour sauver l’id\u00e9e \u00e0 priori qu’ils avaient d’un univers \u00e9ternel, sans gen\u00e8se et sans corruption,<\/span> immobile \u00e0 sa place comme la substance de Spinoza, ou tout au moins cyclique comme l’univers<\/span> d’H<\/span>\u00e9raclite. En<\/span> Allemagne<\/span> comme<\/span> en<\/span> France,<\/span> des<\/span> savants<\/span> et<\/span> des<\/span> philosophes<\/span> se<\/span> sont<\/span> violemment<\/span> oppos\u00e9s<\/span> \u00e0 cette d\u00e9couverte, au nom de leur m\u00e9taphysique pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9e, qui leur venait des philosophes<\/span> d’avant Socrate,<\/span> des<\/span> premiers<\/span> philosophes<\/span> grecs.<\/span> Je<\/span> vous<\/span> ai<\/span> cit\u00e9<\/span> Engels<\/span> et<\/span> Nietzsche,<\/span> mais<\/span> il<\/span> y<\/span> en<\/span> a<\/span> eu<\/span> bien<\/span> d’autres,<\/span> par<\/span> exemple<\/span> l’illustre<\/span> zoologiste<\/span> Haeckel,<\/span> qui<\/span> professait<\/span> le<\/span> monisme,<\/span> ce<\/span> qui<\/span> \u00e9tait parfaitement<\/span> son<\/span> droit,<\/span> et<\/span> qui<\/span> au<\/span> nom<\/span> de<\/span> son<\/span> spinozisme<\/span> pr\u00e9tendait<\/span> interdire<\/span> l’application<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la Nature<\/span> prise<\/span> dans<\/span> son<\/span> ensemble,<\/span> du<\/span> second<\/span> Principe<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> Thermodynamique,<\/span> le<\/span> Principe<\/span> de Carnot-Clausius.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

De<\/span> m\u00eame,<\/span> lorsqu’il<\/span> y<\/span> a<\/span> une<\/span> quarantaine<\/span> d’ann\u00e9es,<\/span> on<\/span> a<\/span> commenc\u00e9<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> entrevoir<\/span> que<\/span> l’univers est<\/span> un<\/span> ensemble<\/span> de<\/span> galaxies,<\/span> que<\/span> toutes<\/span> les<\/span> galaxies<\/span> sont<\/span> constitu\u00e9es<\/span> d’\u00e9l\u00e9ments<\/span> qui<\/span> sont<\/span> des \u00e9toiles, et que les \u00e9toiles s’usent d’une mani\u00e8re irr\u00e9versible, un raisonnement tr\u00e8s simple a<\/span> conduit \u00e0 se poser la question de l’\u00e2ge de l’univers dans son ensemble. En effet, les \u00e9l\u00e9ments, \u00e0 savoir<\/span> les \u00e9toiles,<\/span> ont<\/span> un<\/span> \u00e2ge.<\/span> Les<\/span> sous-ensembles,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> savoir<\/span> les<\/span> galaxies,<\/span> ont<\/span> un<\/span> \u00e2ge.<\/span> Comment<\/span> l’ensemble constitu\u00e9 par ces sous-ensembles et ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments pourrait-il ne pas avoir d’\u00e2ge<\/span> ?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Lorsqu’on s’est mis \u00e0 penser \u00e0 l’\u00e2ge de l’univers, des savants de formation marxiste, ou<\/span> plus g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement<\/span> mat\u00e9rialiste,<\/span> se<\/span> sont<\/span> \u00e9lev\u00e9s,<\/span> et<\/span> se<\/span> dressent<\/span> encore,<\/span> avec<\/span> la<\/span> derni\u00e8re<\/span> \u00e9nergie,<\/span> contre cette<\/span> hypoth\u00e8se,<\/span> car<\/span> elle<\/span> contredit<\/span> ce<\/span> qui<\/span> est<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> leurs<\/span> yeux<\/span> le<\/span> dogme<\/span> du<\/span> rationalisme<\/span> :<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> savoir<\/span> la vieille ontologie de Parm\u00e9nide et H\u00e9raclite, selon laquelle l’univers est l’\u00catre m\u00eame. Puisqu’il<\/span> est l’\u00catre m\u00eame, il ne saurait avoir d’\u00e2ge, il ne saurait avoir commenc\u00e9, et il ne saurait<\/span> s’user.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Vous voyez par cet exemple comment s’opposent, et violemment, deux mani\u00e8res<\/span> de pratiquer l’analyse philosophique. L’une proc\u00e8de \u00e0 priori, et si les enseignements de<\/span> l’exp\u00e9rience viennent \u00e0 contredire ces \u00e0 priori, elle rejette l’exp\u00e9rience, elle la repousse, elle l’envoie<\/span> promener. C’est<\/span> ce<\/span> que<\/span> faisait<\/span> d\u00e9j\u00e0<\/span> Parm\u00e9nide<\/span> qui<\/span> d\u00e9clarait<\/span> que<\/span> l’exp\u00e9rience<\/span> a<\/span> tort<\/span> et<\/span> qu’elle<\/span> repr\u00e9sente l’illusion,<\/span> puisqu’elle<\/span> enseigne<\/span> la<\/span> multiplicit\u00e9,<\/span> la<\/span> diversit\u00e9,<\/span> la<\/span> gen\u00e8se<\/span> et<\/span> la<\/span> corruption<\/span> des<\/span> \u00eatres. Mais<\/span> c’est<\/span> ce<\/span> que<\/span> font<\/span> aussi<\/span> des<\/span> philosophes<\/span> comme<\/span> Engels<\/span> et<\/span> Nietzsche,<\/span> qui<\/span> repoussent<\/span> des<\/span> donn\u00e9es exp\u00e9rimentales pour sauver l’ontologie qui a leur<\/span> pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’autre m\u00e9thode philosophique, celle que nous pr\u00e9conisons, proc\u00e8de \u00e0 partir de<\/span> l’exp\u00e9rience scientifiquement explor\u00e9e, et elle ne comporte aucun \u00e0 priori. Elle n’a de le\u00e7ons \u00e0 recevoir que<\/span> de l’exp\u00e9rience, elle ne reconna\u00eet comme juge que la r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/span> objective.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Il<\/span> y<\/span> a<\/span> deux<\/span> formes<\/span> de<\/span> rationalisme,<\/span> deux<\/span> mani\u00e8res<\/span> de<\/span> comprendre<\/span> le<\/span> rationalisme<\/span> qui s’opposent d’une mani\u00e8re<\/span> irr\u00e9ductible.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’astrophysique nous d\u00e9couvre petit \u00e0 petit <\/span>ce qu’est <\/i><\/span>l’univers. Il reste \u00e0<\/span> comprendre <\/span>l’existence<\/i><\/span> <\/i>m\u00eame<\/span> de<\/span> l’univers<\/span> :<\/span> c’est<\/span> l’objet<\/span> d’une<\/span> autre<\/span> discipline,<\/span> rationnelle<\/span> elle<\/span> aussi,<\/span> qui<\/span> est<\/span> proprement<\/span> philosophique.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Vous voyez se profiler \u00e0 l’horizon la c\u00e9l\u00e8bre distinction entre l’essence \u2014 <\/span>ce que c’est \u2014<\/i><\/span> <\/i>et<\/span> l’existence.<\/span> Comme<\/span> l’a<\/span> montr\u00e9<\/span> \u00c9tienne <\/span>Gilson,<\/span> le<\/span> philosophe<\/span> grec<\/span> Aristote<\/span> ne<\/span> se<\/span> posait<\/span> pas<\/span> la question<\/span> de<\/span> savoir<\/span> comment<\/span> comprendre<\/span> l’existence<\/span> de<\/span> l’univers,<\/span> car<\/span> Aristote<\/span> supposait<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> priori que l’univers est divin. Autrement dit, il admettait le pr\u00e9suppos\u00e9 des premiers philosophes<\/span> grecs,<\/span> pr\u00e9suppos\u00e9 selon lequel l’univers est l’\u00catre purement et<\/span> simplement.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mais pour nous qui savons que l’univers se forme et se fane comme la fleur des champs,<\/span> il nous<\/span> est<\/span> difficile<\/span> de<\/span> garder<\/span> l’id\u00e9e<\/span> que<\/span> les<\/span> \u00e9toiles<\/span> sont<\/span> des<\/span> divinit\u00e9s<\/span> qui<\/span> \u00e9chappent<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> gen\u00e8se<\/span> et<\/span> \u00e0 la<\/span> corruption,<\/span> comme<\/span> le<\/span> pensait<\/span> Aristote.<\/span> Nous<\/span> savons<\/span> que<\/span> les<\/span> \u00e9toiles,<\/span> ce<\/span> n’est<\/span> qu’une<\/span> masse d’hydrog\u00e8ne qui se transforme progressivement et irr\u00e9versiblement en<\/span> h\u00e9lium…<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

II\u2014 <\/span>Deuxi\u00e8me<\/span> exemple<\/span><\/h1>\n

Les biochimistes et les biologistes \u00e9tudient ces grosses mol\u00e9cules qui entrent dans<\/span> la constitution<\/span> des<\/span> vivants<\/span> les<\/span> plus<\/span> simples<\/span> possibles,<\/span> les<\/span> micro-organismes<\/span> monocellulaires.<\/span> Ils analysent<\/span> la<\/span> structure<\/span> de<\/span> ces<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span> et<\/span> leur<\/span> composition.<\/span> Car<\/span> ces<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> sont compos\u00e9es d’autres mol\u00e9cules. L’univers est une composition de compositions. Tout<\/span> est composition, tout est information dans la nature, sauf la poussi\u00e8re qui r\u00e9sulte de<\/span> la d\u00e9composition.<\/span> Les<\/span> savants<\/span> \u00e9tudient<\/span> donc<\/span> ces<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span> qui<\/span> constituent<\/span> les<\/span> vivants<\/span> les plus<\/span> simples<\/span> et<\/span> ils<\/span> pensent<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement<\/span> que<\/span> les<\/span> vivants<\/span> les<\/span> plus<\/span> simples,<\/span> les<\/span> premiers<\/span> vivants, sont<\/span> apparus<\/span> sur<\/span> notre<\/span> plan\u00e8te,<\/span> il<\/span> y<\/span> a<\/span> environ<\/span> trois<\/span> milliards<\/span> d’ann\u00e9es<\/span> et<\/span> demi.<\/span> Ils<\/span> nous<\/span> d\u00e9crivent les conditions physiques et chimiques qui \u00e9taient requises pour que ces mol\u00e9cules soient<\/span> form\u00e9es, constitu\u00e9es. Ils nous retracent l’histoire probable de la gen\u00e8se de ces mol\u00e9cules<\/span> g\u00e9antes.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mais ces mol\u00e9cules g\u00e9antes, c’est de l’information. Les acides nucl\u00e9iques qui entrent dans<\/span> la constitution<\/span> de<\/span> ce<\/span> qu’on<\/span> appelait<\/span> au<\/span> si\u00e8cle<\/span> dernier<\/span> les<\/span> chromosomes,<\/span> c’est<\/span> de<\/span> l’information<\/span> :<\/span> ce sont<\/span> des<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9grammes<\/span> g\u00e9ants<\/span> qui<\/span> commandent<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> construction<\/span> du<\/span> vivant,<\/span> monocellulaire<\/span> ou pluricellulaire. Non seulement ces t\u00e9l\u00e9grammes g\u00e9ants commandent \u00e0 la construction<\/span> d’un organisme pluricellulaire comme le papillon, ou l’\u00e9l\u00e9phant, ou l’homme, mais encore<\/span> ils contiennent tous les renseignements requis pour commander au comportement, aux conduites<\/span> de ces \u00eatres vivants : leur psychologie, leur sociologie et m\u00eame leur politique sont<\/span> programm\u00e9es, dans ces mol\u00e9cules g\u00e9antes qui portent l’information<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le <\/span>probl\u00e8me <\/span>qui <\/span>se <\/span>pose <\/span>est <\/span>de <\/span>comprendre <\/span>l’existence, <\/i><\/span>l\u00e0 encore, de cette information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique qui appara\u00eet <\/span>pour <\/span>la <\/span>premi\u00e8re fois <\/span>il <\/span>y a <\/span>trois milliards d’ann\u00e9es <\/span>et <\/span>demi <\/span>environ sur<\/span> notre plan\u00e8te.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Car<\/span> enfin,<\/span> avant,<\/span> il<\/span> n’y<\/span> en<\/span> avait<\/span> pas<\/span> dans<\/span> notre<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> solaire,<\/span> ni<\/span> dans<\/span> notre<\/span> galaxie,<\/span> ni,<\/span> plus <\/span>g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement,<\/span> dans<\/span> l’univers.<\/span> L’univers<\/span> n’a<\/span> pas<\/span> toujours<\/span> comport\u00e9<\/span> des<\/span> syst\u00e8mes<\/span> solaires<\/span> capables<\/span> de<\/span> supporter <\/span>des <\/span>\u00eatres vivants, <\/span>car son <\/span>histoire pass\u00e9e <\/span>ne le <\/span>permettait <\/span>pas. <\/span>Lorsque <\/span>les <\/span>galaxies<\/span> n’\u00e9taient <\/span>pas <\/span>form\u00e9es, <\/span>il <\/span>n’y avait pas non plus <\/span>de <\/span>syst\u00e8mes solaires <\/span>pourvus <\/span>de <\/span>plan\u00e8tes suffisamment<\/span> fra\u00eeches <\/span>pour<\/span> supporter<\/span> la<\/span> gen\u00e8se<\/span> des<\/span> acides<\/span> nucl\u00e9iques<\/span> qui<\/span> portent<\/span> l’information<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique,<\/span> ni<\/span> celle<\/span> des prot\u00e9ines.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La<\/span> biochimie,<\/span> la<\/span> biologie<\/span> mol\u00e9culaire,<\/span> c’est-\u00e0-dire<\/span> la<\/span> biologie<\/span> fondamentale,<\/span> part<\/span> d’un<\/span> donn\u00e9 qu’elle \u00e9tudie : <\/span>ces<\/span> mol\u00e9cules g\u00e9antes <\/span>qui<\/span> portent l’information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique. <\/span>Mais<\/span> comment comprendre<\/span> l’existence<\/i><\/span> <\/i>de<\/span> ce<\/span> donn\u00e9<\/span> qu’\u00e9tudient<\/span> les<\/span> sciences<\/span> exp\u00e9rimentales<\/span> ?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les <\/span>biochimistes, <\/span>les <\/span>biologistes, <\/span>en <\/span>tant que tels, <\/span>\u00e9pellent<\/span> la <\/span>composition <\/span>de ces<\/span> mol\u00e9cules <\/span>g\u00e9antes<\/span> et<\/span> d\u00e9chiffrent<\/span> leur<\/span> message,<\/span> ils<\/span> ont<\/span> d\u00e9chiffr\u00e9<\/span> le<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> linguistique<\/span> de<\/span> ces<\/span> messages<\/span> qui<\/span> se <\/span>trouvent<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> nature<\/span> depuis<\/span> quelques<\/span> trois<\/span> milliards<\/span> d’ann\u00e9es.<\/span> On<\/span> nous<\/span> explique<\/span> comment<\/span> les messages g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques <\/span>se <\/span>recopient eux-m\u00eames <\/span>et <\/span>transmettent <\/span>leur <\/span>information, <\/span>par<\/span> l’interm\u00e9diaire d’acides<\/span> ribonucl\u00e9iques messagers, <\/span>sur les <\/span>cha\u00eenes <\/span>de <\/span>montages, <\/span>les ribosomes,<\/span> sur<\/span> lesquels<\/span> s’effectuent <\/span>la <\/span>composition des <\/span>mol\u00e9cules g\u00e9antes que sont les<\/span> prot\u00e9ines.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mais l’existence m\u00eame <\/span>de <\/span>l’information <\/span>dans <\/span>la <\/span>nature, <\/span>dans <\/span>l’univers, <\/span>qui nous <\/span>la<\/span> fera comprendre?<\/span> On<\/span> voit<\/span> qu’il<\/span> reste<\/span> un<\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> traiter.<\/span> C’est<\/span> un<\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span> philosophique.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les <\/span>savants, comme <\/span>vous <\/span>savez, <\/span>se <\/span>partagent <\/span>en <\/span>plusieurs \u00e9coles <\/span>pour <\/span>r\u00e9pondre <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span> cette question pos\u00e9e <\/span>par <\/span>l’existence <\/span>de <\/span>l’information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique <\/span>dans <\/span>la <\/span>nature. <\/span>Les <\/span>uns pensent<\/span> que <\/span>l’univers<\/span> \u00e9ternel<\/span> et<\/span> incr\u00e9\u00e9<\/span> avait<\/span> de<\/span> quoi,<\/span> en<\/span> lui-m\u00eame,<\/span> pour <\/span>rendre<\/span> compte<\/span> de<\/span> cette<\/span> gen\u00e8se.<\/span> La<\/span> Mati\u00e8re<\/span> \u00e9ternelle<\/span> et<\/span> incr\u00e9\u00e9e,<\/span> nous<\/span> dit-on,<\/span> est<\/span> suffisamment<\/span> riche<\/span> en<\/span> propri\u00e9t\u00e9s<\/span> inconnues<\/span> pour<\/span> expliquer<\/span> cette gen\u00e8se <\/span>des <\/span>mol\u00e9cules g\u00e9antes <\/span>qui <\/span>portent <\/span>l’information <\/span>g\u00e9n\u00e9tique <\/span>qui <\/span>commande <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>la <\/span>construction <\/span>des <\/span>\u00eatres vivants. <\/span>C’est la <\/span>Mati\u00e8re \u00e9ternelle <\/span>et <\/span>incr\u00e9\u00e9e <\/span>qui <\/span>produit, par <\/span>ses<\/span> seules<\/span> ressources, tout ce qui appara\u00eet dans l’univers. La Mati\u00e8re est donc, dans cette hypoth\u00e8se,<\/span> pourvue des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s <\/span>que <\/span>le <\/span>physicien <\/span>n’avait pas encore <\/span>aper\u00e7ues. <\/span>Elle <\/span>a la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 d’inventer seule<\/span> des<\/span> compositions originales, celles qui vont <\/span>commander <\/span>\u00e0 la gen\u00e8se des <\/span>\u00eatres <\/span>vivants. <\/span>Il<\/span> faut<\/span> donc<\/span> admettre qu’il <\/span>y a <\/span>dans <\/span>la <\/span>Mati\u00e8re quelque <\/span>chose <\/span>d’analogue <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>un <\/span>Logos, <\/i><\/span>une <\/span>Pens\u00e9e immanente <\/span>\u00e0<\/span> la <\/span>Mati\u00e8re<\/span> et<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> Nature.<\/span> La<\/span> Dialectique<\/i><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span> <\/i>Nature<\/i><\/span> <\/i>de<\/span> Engels<\/span> repose<\/span> sur<\/span> ce<\/span> pr\u00e9suppos\u00e9<\/span> latent.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

D’autres savants r\u00e9pondent <\/span>: <\/span>c’est <\/span>impossible. <\/span>La mati\u00e8re, c’est ce qu’\u00e9tudie la <\/span> physique. Pr\u00eater \u00e0 la mati\u00e8re des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s occultes, lui <\/span>attribuer <\/span>la <\/span>capacit\u00e9 <\/span>de cr\u00e9er <\/span>seule et par ses<\/span> propres<\/span> ressources<\/span> tous<\/span> les<\/span> \u00eatres<\/span> vivants<\/span> et<\/span> pensants,<\/span> c’est<\/span> pr\u00eater<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span> des<\/span> propri\u00e9t\u00e9s<\/span> que<\/span> n’aper\u00e7oit<\/span> pas<\/span> le<\/span> physicien.<\/span> Ce<\/span> n’est<\/span> plus<\/span> du<\/span> mat\u00e9rialisme<\/span> scientifique,<\/span> c’est<\/span> de<\/span> l’occultisme<\/span> ou<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> magie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour<\/span> expliquer<\/span> l’\u00e9mergence<\/span> de<\/span> l’information<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> nature,<\/span> il<\/span> suffit<\/span> de<\/span> faire<\/span> appel,<\/span> comme <\/span>les <\/span>anciens philosophes grecs, <\/span>au <\/span>hasard. <\/span>La <\/span>mati\u00e8re <\/span>n’a <\/span>aucune <\/span>propri\u00e9t\u00e9 occulte, <\/span>il <\/span>n’y <\/span>a<\/span> pas de<\/span> Logos<\/i><\/span> <\/i>cach\u00e9<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> nature,<\/span> simplement<\/span> les<\/span> atomes<\/span> et<\/span> les<\/span> mol\u00e9cules,<\/span> par<\/span> le<\/span> hasard<\/span> des<\/span> brassages,<\/span> constituent<\/span> des<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> de<\/span> plus<\/span> en<\/span> plus<\/span> complexes<\/span> et<\/span> finalement<\/span> certaines<\/span> d’entre<\/span> elles,<\/span> choisies par la s\u00e9lection naturelle, s’av\u00e8rent capables de commander \u00e0 la construction des \u00eatres vivants<\/span> les<\/span> plus<\/span> simples.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Un <\/span>troisi\u00e8me <\/span>groupe <\/span>de <\/span>savants rejette <\/span>\u00e0 la <\/span>fois <\/span>l’explication propos\u00e9e <\/span>par les <\/span>premiers <\/span>et <\/span>par<\/span> les seconds.<\/span> Il<\/span> est<\/span> impossible,<\/span> disent-ils,<\/span> d’attribuer<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> Mati\u00e8re<\/span> des<\/span> propri\u00e9t\u00e9s<\/span> occultes<\/span> qui<\/span> permettent d’expliquer qu’elle <\/span>ait <\/span>su <\/span>cr\u00e9er seule <\/span>les <\/span>\u00eatres vivants <\/span>et <\/span>pensants, <\/span>car <\/span>ce <\/span>serait <\/span>manifestement<\/span> lui attribuer un v\u00e9ritable <\/span>Logos, <\/i><\/span>un G\u00e9nie cr\u00e9ateur, que la physique ne d\u00e9couvre pas dans les<\/span> atomes. Il<\/span> est<\/span> impossible<\/span> d’autre<\/span> part<\/span> d’attribuer<\/span> au<\/span> hasard<\/span> des<\/span> combinaisons<\/span> et<\/span> des<\/span> brassages<\/span> la gen\u00e8se des mol\u00e9cules g\u00e9antes qui portent l’information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique, et cela pour plusieurs<\/span> raisons. Les anciens philosophes grecs qui avaient propos\u00e9 cette hypoth\u00e8se se donnaient pour accord<\/span>er<\/span> un univers<\/span> \u00e9ternel,<\/span> infini<\/span> dans<\/span> le<\/span> temps<\/span> et<\/span> dans<\/span> l’espace,<\/span> une<\/span> quantit\u00e9<\/span> infinie<\/span> de<\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span> se<\/span> mouvant dans<\/span> un<\/span> temps<\/span> infini.<\/span> Nous<\/span> ne<\/span> disposons<\/span> plus<\/span> ni<\/span> d’un<\/span> temps<\/span> infini,<\/span> ni<\/span> d’une<\/span> quantit\u00e9<\/span> infinie<\/span> de mati\u00e8re pour faire jouer nos calculs des chances, et donc l’explication par le hasard se casse le<\/span> nez au premier<\/span> calcul.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La<\/span> position<\/span> du<\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span> s’est<\/span> quelque<\/span> peu<\/span> modifi\u00e9e<\/span> depuis<\/span> les<\/span> premi\u00e8res<\/span> exp\u00e9riences<\/span> de<\/span> Miller en 1952. Miller simulant les conditions physiques et chimiques de la terre primitive,<\/span> telles que<\/span> les<\/span> avait<\/span> imagin\u00e9es<\/span> Oparine,<\/span> obtient<\/span> en<\/span> laboratoire<\/span> certaines<\/span> des<\/span> bases<\/span> qui<\/span> entrent<\/span> dans<\/span> la composition des acides d\u00e9soxyribonucl\u00e9iques. Depuis, une arm\u00e9e de savants a obtenu<\/span> en laboratoire<\/span> des<\/span> synth\u00e8ses<\/span> spontan\u00e9es<\/span> d’autres<\/span> bases<\/span> et<\/span> aussi<\/span> d’acides<\/span> amin\u00e9s<\/span> qui<\/span> entrent<\/span> dans<\/span> la composition des<\/span> prot\u00e9ines.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ce<\/span> n’est<\/span> donc<\/span> pas<\/span> le<\/span> hasard.<\/span> C’est<\/span> une<\/span> n\u00e9cessit\u00e9<\/span> inh\u00e9rente<\/span> aux<\/span> lois<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span> qui<\/span> porte celle-ci vers des structures<\/span> mol\u00e9culaires.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mais en fait le probl\u00e8me n’est que repouss\u00e9. Car ces bases que l’on obtient en laboratoire,<\/span> et ces<\/span> acides<\/span> amin\u00e9s,<\/span> ce<\/span> sont<\/span> comme<\/span> des<\/span> lettres<\/span> de<\/span> l’alphabet,<\/span> ou<\/span> des<\/span> syllabes,<\/span> ou<\/span> encore<\/span> des<\/span> mots. Toute<\/span> la<\/span> question<\/span> est<\/span> de<\/span> savoir<\/span> comment,<\/span> avec<\/span> ces<\/span> mots,<\/span> vous<\/span> allez<\/span> obtenir<\/span> un<\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9gramme<\/span> qui comporte<\/span> un<\/span> sens.<\/span> On<\/span> obtient<\/span> en<\/span> laboratoire<\/span> la<\/span> synth\u00e8se<\/span> spontan\u00e9e<\/span> des<\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments,<\/span> les<\/span> lettres<\/span> de l’alphabet<\/span> ou<\/span> les<\/span> mots.<\/span> Mais<\/span> le<\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span> de<\/span> fond<\/span> reste<\/span> entier<\/span> :<\/span> comment,<\/span> avec<\/span> ces<\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments,<\/span> la nature r\u00e9alise-t-elle des t\u00e9l\u00e9grammes qui ont un sens, des messages qui contiennent<\/span> de<\/span> l’information, et quelle information ! Tous les <\/span>renseignements <\/span>requis pour composer <\/span>un <\/span>\u00eatre<\/span> vivant,<\/span> avec<\/span> ses<\/span> milliards<\/span> de<\/span> cellules<\/span> diff\u00e9renci\u00e9es<\/span> qui<\/span> travaillent<\/span> de<\/span> concert,<\/span> un<\/span> psychisme<\/span> programm\u00e9…<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Apr\u00e8s les <\/span>travaux <\/span>de <\/span>Miller <\/span>et de <\/span>ses <\/span>successeurs, <\/span>le <\/span>probl\u00e8me <\/span>de <\/span>l’origine <\/span>de <\/span>l’information<\/span> reste<\/span> donc entier. Comment comprendre l’apparition dans <\/span>l’univers <\/span>physique de cette<\/span> information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique qui n’existait pas <\/span>auparavant, <\/span>et <\/span>qui est <\/span>capable <\/span>de <\/span>commander <\/span>\u00e0 la construction d’un<\/span> \u00eatre vivant?<\/span> Est-ce<\/span> la<\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span> seule,<\/span> la<\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span> ant\u00e9rieure,<\/span> qui<\/span> est<\/span> capable<\/span> d’expliquer<\/span> seule<\/span> l’apparition<\/span> de<\/span> cette<\/span> information<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span> nouvelle<\/span> dans<\/span> l’univers<\/span> ?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

III \u2014 <\/span>Troisi\u00e8me<\/span> exemple : <\/span>L’augmentation <\/b><\/span><\/span>de <\/b><\/span><\/span>l’information <\/b><\/span><\/span>g\u00e9n\u00e9tique <\/b><\/span><\/span>dans <\/b><\/span><\/span>la<\/b><\/span><\/span> <\/b>nature,<\/b><\/span><\/span> au <\/b><\/span><\/span>cours <\/b><\/span><\/span>de <\/b><\/span><\/span>l’histoire <\/b><\/span><\/span>naturelle <\/b><\/span><\/span>des <\/b><\/span><\/span>esp\u00e8ces<\/b><\/span><\/span> <\/b>vivantes.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

Nous<\/span> savons<\/span> aujourd’hui<\/span> avec<\/span> certitude<\/span> ce<\/span> que<\/span> Lamarck<\/span> avait<\/span> devin\u00e9<\/span> depuis<\/span> le<\/span> d\u00e9but<\/span> du<\/span> XIX<\/span>e<\/span><\/span><\/sup> si\u00e8cle<\/span> :<\/span> l’histoire<\/span> naturelle<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> gen\u00e8se<\/span> des<\/span> esp\u00e8ces<\/span> vivantes<\/span> a<\/span> \u00e9t\u00e9<\/span> du<\/span> plus<\/span> simple<\/span> au<\/span> plus<\/span> complexe.<\/span> En<\/span> langage<\/span> biochimique<\/span> cela<\/span> signifie<\/span> :<\/span> l’information<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span> a<\/span> augment\u00e9<\/span> en<\/span> quantit\u00e9<\/span> et<\/span> en<\/span> qualit\u00e9<\/span> au<\/span> cours<\/span> du<\/span> temps.<\/span> Cela<\/span> se<\/span> mesure.<\/span> Les<\/span> messages<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques<\/span> des<\/span> protozoaires<\/span> monocellulaires<\/span> sont<\/span> plus<\/span> petits,<\/span> plus<\/span> courts,<\/span> que<\/span> les<\/span> messages<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques<\/span> de<\/span> l’\u00e9l\u00e9phant,<\/span> du<\/span> lion<\/span> ou<\/span> de<\/span> l’homme.<\/span> Au<\/span> cours<\/span> du <\/span>temps, les <\/span>messages g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques augmentent <\/span>de <\/span>taille. <\/span>Au <\/span>d\u00e9but <\/span>de <\/span>l’histoire <\/span>de la <\/span>vie, <\/span>il<\/span> suffisait<\/span> d’avoir <\/span>des t\u00e9l\u00e9grammes capables <\/span>de <\/span>commander <\/span>\u00e0 la <\/span>construction <\/span>de <\/span>micro-organismes<\/span> mono<\/span> cellulaires. <\/span>Mais <\/span>au <\/span>cours <\/span>de <\/span>l’histoire <\/span>naturelle <\/span>des <\/span>esp\u00e8ces, <\/span>ont <\/span>\u00e9t\u00e9 <\/span>invent\u00e9s <\/span>des <\/span>organes <\/span>et<\/span> des <\/span>syst\u00e8mes biologiques nouveaux, <\/span>par <\/span>exemple <\/span>le <\/span>syst\u00e8me <\/span>nerveux et beaucoup d’autres.<\/span> Pour<\/span> construire un <\/span>syst\u00e8me <\/span>biologique nouveau, <\/span>il <\/span>faut des g\u00e8nes <\/span>nouveaux, <\/span>c’est-\u00e0-dire <\/span>des <\/span>plans<\/span> de <\/span>construction<\/span> nouveaux,<\/span> in\u00e9dits.<\/span> Au<\/span> fur<\/span> et<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> mesure<\/span> que<\/span> les<\/span> organismes<\/span> devenaient<\/span> de<\/span> plus<\/span> en<\/span> plus<\/span> complexes, <\/span>des <\/span>g\u00e8nes <\/span>nouveaux <\/span>de <\/span>plus <\/span>en <\/span>plus <\/span>nombreux apparaissaient <\/span>dans les<\/span> messages<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques, c’est-\u00e0-dire <\/span>des <\/span>fragments, <\/span>ou <\/span>des <\/span>chapitres <\/span>nouveaux, <\/span>qui <\/span>\u00e9taient<\/span> in\u00e9dits.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Comment comprendre <\/span>la <\/span>gen\u00e8se <\/span>de <\/span>ces <\/span>nouveaux <\/span>chapitres g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques <\/span>in\u00e9dits <\/span>dans <\/span>la<\/span> nature, <\/span>c’est-\u00e0-dire <\/span>la <\/span>cr\u00e9ation d’information nouvelle dans l’univers<\/span> ?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Telle <\/span>est la <\/span>question. <\/span>C’est <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>cette <\/span>question fondamentale <\/span>que <\/span>se <\/span>ram\u00e8ne aujourd’hui<\/span> le <\/span>probl\u00e8me<\/span> de<\/span> l’\u00e9volution<\/span> biologique<\/span> car<\/span> l’\u00e9volution<\/span> biologique<\/span> ne<\/span> se<\/span> comprend<\/span> que<\/span> par<\/span> l’apparition<\/span> ou<\/span> la<\/span> cr\u00e9ation<\/span> de<\/span> nouveaux<\/span> g\u00e8nes.<\/span> Si<\/span> le<\/span> ph\u00e9notype<\/span> se<\/span> complexifie<\/span> c’est<\/span> que<\/span> le<\/span> g\u00e9notype<\/span> s’enrichit<\/span> en<\/span> information. Comment comprendre <\/span>cet<\/span> enrichissement <\/span>en <\/span>information<\/span> au <\/span>cours<\/span> du<\/span> temps,<\/span> enrichissement continu <\/span>et <\/span>m\u00eame acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9? <\/span>Le <\/span>probl\u00e8me fondamental <\/span>de <\/span>l’\u00e9volution<\/span> biologique,<\/span> ramen\u00e9<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> sa<\/span> formule<\/span> la<\/span> plus<\/span> simple,<\/span> c’est<\/span> :<\/span> quelle<\/span> est<\/span> l’origine<\/span> de<\/span> l’information<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span> nouvelle <\/span>qui <\/span>appara\u00eet constamment <\/span>au <\/span>cours <\/span>de <\/span>l’histoire naturelle <\/span>des esp\u00e8ces<\/span> vivantes?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le<\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span> ainsi<\/span> pos\u00e9<\/span> n’est<\/span> pas<\/span> essentiellement<\/span> diff\u00e9rent<\/span> de<\/span> celui<\/span> que<\/span> pose<\/span> l’apparition<\/span> de<\/span> la <\/span>vie<\/span> sur<\/span> la<\/span> Terre,<\/span> c’est-\u00e0-dire<\/span> la<\/span> gen\u00e8se<\/span> des<\/span> tout<\/span> premiers<\/span> messages<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques.<\/span> Dans<\/span> tous<\/span> les<\/span> cas,<\/span> il <\/span>s’agit <\/span>de <\/span>comprendre <\/span>une <\/span>nouveaut\u00e9, une invention, une cr\u00e9ation in\u00e9dite, au d\u00e9but <\/span>celle des<\/span> premiers messages g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques <\/span>qui <\/span>commandent <\/span>\u00e0 la <\/span>construction <\/span>des<\/span> micro-organismes<\/span> monocellulaires d\u00e9pourvus d’organes; <\/span>puis<\/span> l’invention <\/span>de <\/span>nouveaux messages <\/span>g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques,<\/span> de <\/span>nouveaux <\/span>plans <\/span>de <\/span>construction, <\/span>qui <\/span>pr\u00e9sident <\/span>\u00e0 la <\/span>formation d’organes nouveaux <\/span>qui <\/span>n’avaient<\/span> jamais<\/span> exist\u00e9<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> nature,<\/span> de<\/span> syst\u00e8mes<\/span> biologiques<\/span> nouveaux,<\/span> in\u00e9dits,<\/span> d’esp\u00e8ces<\/span> nouvelles.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C’est <\/span>la <\/span>nouveaut\u00e9 <\/span>de <\/span>l’\u00catre, <\/span>la <\/span>nouveaut\u00e9 <\/span>de <\/span>l’information <\/span>cr\u00e9atrice, <\/span>qui <\/span>fait question.<\/span> Car l’ancien<\/span> ne<\/span> suffit<\/span> pas<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> rendre<\/span> compte<\/span> du<\/span> nouveau,<\/span> car <\/span>l<\/span>e<\/span> nouveau<\/span> est<\/span> plus<\/span> riche<\/span> en<\/span> information<\/span> que l’ancien.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Comme vous <\/span>le <\/span>savez, <\/span>l\u00e0 <\/span>encore, <\/span>les <\/span>savants, <\/span>de par le monde, se partagent en<\/span> plusieurs \u00e9coles.<\/span> Les<\/span> uns<\/span> font<\/span> appel,<\/span> tout<\/span> comme<\/span> pour<\/span> expliquer<\/span> l’apparition<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> vie,<\/span> au<\/span> hasard,<\/span> ici<\/span> au<\/span> hasard<\/span> des<\/span> mutations<\/span> fortuites,<\/span> plus<\/span> pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment<\/span> aux<\/span> erreurs<\/span> de<\/span> copies<\/span> dans<\/span> le<\/span> processus<\/span> d’auto <\/span>duplication<\/span> de<\/span> l’ADN.<\/span> D’autres<\/span> estiment<\/span> que<\/span> cette<\/span> explication<\/span> est<\/span> impossible<\/span> et<\/span> insens\u00e9e.<\/span> Ils<\/span> font remarquer <\/span>que les erreurs de copie peuvent expliquer l’entropie d’un syst\u00e8me, <\/span>mais<\/span> non <\/span>l’augmentation de <\/span>l’information, <\/span>la <\/span>cr\u00e9ation <\/span>de <\/span>l’information. Pr\u00e9tendre expliquer <\/span>la <\/span>cr\u00e9ation<\/span> de l’information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique <\/span>par des <\/span>erreurs <\/span>de <\/span>copie, c’est <\/span>pr\u00e9tendre expliquer <\/span>la <\/span>croissance<\/span> de l’information <\/span>par <\/span>la croissance de l’entropie : c’est<\/span> absurde.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Quoi <\/span>qu’il <\/span>en <\/span>soit <\/span>de la <\/span>solution <\/span>de ce <\/span>probl\u00e8me, <\/span>vous <\/span>voyez qu’un probl\u00e8me<\/span> in\u00e9vitable <\/span>s’impose<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> l’intelligence<\/span> humaine<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> propos<\/span> de<\/span> la <\/span>gen\u00e8se<\/span> continu\u00e9e,<\/span> au<\/span> cours<\/span> de<\/span> l’\u00e9volution<\/span> biologique,<\/span> de<\/span> nouvelle<\/span> information<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique.<\/span> Cette<\/span> cr\u00e9ation<\/span> continu\u00e9e<\/span> de<\/span> nouvelle<\/span> information<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique,<\/span> c’est<\/span> l’\u00e9volution<\/span> m\u00eame,<\/span> puisqu’au<\/span> fond<\/span> l’\u00e9volution<\/span> s’effectue<\/span> d’abord<\/span> au<\/span> niveau<\/span> du<\/span> g\u00e9notype,<\/span> c’est-\u00e0-dire<\/span> au<\/span> niveau<\/span> des<\/span> plans<\/span> de<\/span> construction.<\/span> Comment<\/span> comprendre<\/span> le<\/span> commencement,<\/span> l’existence<\/span> d’une<\/span> nouvelle information, qui n’existait pas auparavant? Le plan de <\/span>construction <\/span>de <\/span>tel<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> biologique,<\/span> de<\/span> tel<\/span> groupe<\/span> zoologique,<\/span> qui<\/span> n’existait<\/span> pas<\/span> auparavant?<\/span> Telle<\/span> est<\/span> la<\/span> question.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pr\u00e9tendre<\/span> expliquer<\/span> la<\/span> gen\u00e8se,<\/span> la<\/span> cr\u00e9ation<\/span> d’un<\/span> nouveau<\/span> plan<\/span> de<\/span> construction<\/span> qui<\/span> pr\u00e9side<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> formation d’un <\/span>organe nouveau, <\/span>par des <\/span>erreurs <\/span>de <\/span>copie portant <\/span>sur un <\/span>plan <\/span>ancien, <\/span>un<\/span> message<\/span> ant\u00e9rieur, <\/span>plus pauvre <\/span>en <\/span>information <\/span>parait <\/span>de <\/span>plus <\/span>en <\/span>plus absurde <\/span>\u00e0 un <\/span>nombre toujours <\/span>plus<\/span> grand<\/span> de <\/span>biologistes, <\/span>de <\/span>zoologistes <\/span>et <\/span>de <\/span>pal\u00e9ontologistes, <\/span>c’est-\u00e0-dire <\/span>ceux qui <\/span>\u00e9tudient<\/span> l’\u00e9volution, <\/span>comment <\/span>de fait <\/i><\/span>elle s’est r\u00e9alis\u00e9e ; de m\u00eame qu’il parait assez <\/span>absurde <\/span>de <\/span>pr\u00e9tendre rendre<\/span> compte<\/span> du <\/span>plan <\/span>de <\/span>construction <\/span>de la fus\u00e9e <\/span>capable d’aller <\/span>sur <\/span>V\u00e9nus <\/span>ou <\/span>Mars, <\/span>en <\/span>assurant <\/span>que <\/span>ce <\/span>plan<\/span> s’est <\/span>produit <\/span>par <\/span>simples erreurs <\/span>de <\/span>copie ajout\u00e9es <\/span>les <\/span>unes <\/span>aux <\/span>autres <\/span>et <\/span>s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9es autant <\/span>qu’on<\/span> voudra <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>partir <\/span>du <\/span>plan <\/span>de la <\/span>brouette. <\/span>Nous <\/span>savons <\/span>que dans <\/span>l’exp\u00e9rience humaine <\/span>un <\/span>nouveau<\/span> plan <\/span>de construction, une nouvelle invention, est toujours le fruit d’une intelligence g\u00e9niale, et<\/span> jamais d’erreurs de copie. <\/span>Les <\/span>erreurs <\/span>de <\/span>copie, encore une fois, <\/span>expliquent, <\/span>dans <\/span>la <\/span>transmission<\/span> des<\/span> messages <\/span>ou des <\/span>manuscrits, <\/span>la <\/span>diminution<\/span> de l’information, c’est-\u00e0-dire l’augmentation<\/span> de l’entropie, mais jamais la cr\u00e9ation<\/span> d’information.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La<\/span> science,<\/span> en<\/span> l’occurrence<\/span> la<\/span> biologie,<\/span> la<\/span> zoologie<\/span> et<\/span> toutes<\/span> les<\/span> disciplines<\/span> annexes,<\/span> porte<\/span> sur <\/span>un <\/span>objet, ici <\/span>l’\u00eatre vivant, <\/span>le <\/span>message <\/span>g\u00e9n\u00e9tique <\/span>qui <\/span>constitue <\/span>le <\/span>vivant. Une <\/span>science<\/span> exp\u00e9rimentale<\/span> comme<\/span> la<\/span> biologie<\/span> part<\/span> d’un<\/span> donn\u00e9.<\/span> Mais<\/span> l’existence<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> de<\/span> cet<\/span> objet,<\/span> de<\/span> ce<\/span> donn\u00e9,<\/span> comment<\/span> la<\/span> comprendre <\/span>? <\/span>Ce <\/span>n’est pas <\/span>la <\/span>biologie <\/span>en <\/span>tant <\/span>que telle <\/span>qui <\/span>peut r\u00e9pondre <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>cette question, <\/span>de<\/span> m\u00eame <\/span>que <\/span>l’astrophysique <\/span>ne peut pas <\/span>r\u00e9pondre <\/span>\u00e0 la <\/span>question <\/span>pos\u00e9e <\/span>par <\/span>l’existence m\u00eame <\/span>de <\/span>l’univers.<\/span> Une<\/span> fois<\/span> qu’un<\/span> nouveau<\/span> message<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span> existe<\/span> et<\/span> appara\u00eet,<\/span> dans<\/span> l’histoire<\/span> naturelle<\/span> des<\/span> esp\u00e8ces,<\/span> le <\/span>biologiste, <\/span>le <\/span>zoologiste, <\/span>le <\/span>biochimiste, <\/span>l’\u00e9tudient, <\/span>le <\/span>connaissent. <\/span>Mais <\/span>comment<\/span> comprendre<\/span> l’existence m\u00eame, l’apparition, le surgissement, de ce <\/span>nouveau message g\u00e9n\u00e9tique <\/span>qui <\/span>n’existait<\/span> pas<\/span> auparavant?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le<\/span> biologiste<\/span> peut<\/span> fort<\/span> bien,<\/span> s’il<\/span> le<\/span> d\u00e9sire,<\/span> aborder<\/span> ce<\/span> probl\u00e8me,<\/span> cette<\/span> question.<\/span> Mais<\/span> alors<\/span> il<\/span> ne <\/span>fait<\/span> plus<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> biologie.<\/span> Il<\/span> entreprend<\/span> une<\/span> analyse<\/span> portant<\/span> sur<\/span> l’existence<\/span> de<\/span> l’objet<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> biologie,<\/span> et <\/span>cette<\/span> analyse,<\/span> on<\/span> l’a<\/span> toujours<\/span> appel\u00e9e<\/span> philosophique.<\/span> Mais,<\/span> encore<\/span> une<\/span> fois,<\/span> si<\/span> ce<\/span> terme<\/span> vous<\/span> ennuie, <\/span>vous<\/span> pouvez<\/span> le<\/span> laisser<\/span> tomber,<\/span> et<\/span> garder<\/span> simplement<\/span> le<\/span> terme<\/span> d’analyse<\/span> :<\/span> une<\/span> analyse<\/span> rationnelle<\/span> est<\/span> requise <\/span>pour <\/span>comprendre l’existence <\/span>d’un nouveau <\/span>message <\/span>g\u00e9n\u00e9tique <\/span>qui est <\/span>apparu <\/span>au <\/span>cours<\/span> du <\/span>temps.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

IV\u2014<\/span> Quatri\u00e8me<\/span> et<\/span> dernier<\/span> exemple :<\/span> L’apparition de l’Homme<\/span><\/h1>\n

Il<\/span> y<\/span> a<\/span> quelques<\/span> dizaines<\/span> de<\/span> milliers<\/span> d’ann\u00e9es<\/span> appara\u00eet<\/span> au<\/span> terme,<\/span> de<\/span> l’histoire<\/span> de<\/span> l’\u00e9volution, un \u00eatre qui est <\/span>capable <\/span>de <\/span>penser <\/span>le <\/span>monde, <\/span>de se <\/span>poser des <\/span>questions <\/span>sur <\/span>lui-m\u00eame <\/span>et <\/span>l’univers, <\/span>de<\/span> se <\/span>poser,<\/span> pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment,<\/span> des<\/span> questions<\/span> philosophiques,<\/span> de<\/span> s’int\u00e9resser<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> v\u00e9rit\u00e9<\/span> et<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> science<\/span> pour<\/span> elles-m\u00eames, <\/span>et \u00e0 la <\/span>beaut\u00e9 <\/span>pour <\/span>elle-m\u00eame. Cet <\/span>animal, pourvu <\/span>de <\/span>quelque <\/span>cent <\/span>milliards<\/span> de<\/span> neurones, <\/span>c’est <\/span>l’Homme. <\/span>Nous <\/span>laisserons <\/span>ici <\/span>de <\/span>c\u00f4t\u00e9 <\/span>les <\/span>questions <\/span>relevant de la pal\u00e9ontologie :<\/span> par<\/span> quelles \u00e9tapes s’est effectu\u00e9e la gen\u00e8se de l’Homme. Le fait est qu’un \u00eatre existe aujourd’hui<\/span> dans notre<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> solaire,<\/span> qui<\/span> est<\/span> capable<\/span> de<\/span> penser<\/span> le<\/span> monde<\/span> et<\/span> de<\/span> se<\/span> penser<\/span> soi-m\u00eame,<\/span> capable<\/span> de<\/span> connaissance r\u00e9fl\u00e9chie. <\/span>Les<\/span> animaux <\/span>aussi sont <\/span>capables <\/span>de <\/span>connaissance, d’une<\/span> mani\u00e8re<\/span> proportionnelle \u00e0 <\/span>leur <\/span>d\u00e9veloppement neurophysiologique. <\/span>Mais prenons <\/span>l’animal le plus<\/span> d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard, le dernier paru, <\/span>l\u2019Homo<\/i><\/span> <\/i>sapiens.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Une <\/span>question <\/span>se <\/span>pose <\/span>aussit\u00f4t. S’il <\/span>est <\/span>vrai <\/span>que <\/span>l’univers <\/span>d’il <\/span>y a dix ou <\/span>quinze milliards<\/span> d’ann\u00e9es \u00e9tait mati\u00e8re, <\/span>la <\/span>mati\u00e8re qu’\u00e9tudie <\/span>le <\/span>physicien, <\/span>et <\/span>mati\u00e8re relativement <\/span>simple, comment<\/span> comprendre<\/span> qu’au<\/span> terme<\/span> actuel<\/span> de<\/span> l’histoire<\/span> de<\/span> l’univers,<\/span> soit<\/span> apparu<\/span> un<\/span> \u00eatre<\/span> capable<\/span> de<\/span> pens\u00e9e,<\/span> de<\/span> connaissance?<\/span> Car<\/span> vous<\/span> avez<\/span> beau<\/span> faire,<\/span> ajouter<\/span> atome<\/span> sur<\/span> atome,<\/span> en<\/span> aussi<\/span> grand<\/span> nombre<\/span> que<\/span> vous<\/span> voudrez, <\/span>et <\/span>d’une mani\u00e8re <\/span>aussi <\/span>compliqu\u00e9e <\/span>que vous <\/span>le <\/span>voudrez, <\/span>vous n’en tirerez jamais <\/span>un <\/span>acte<\/span> de <\/span>connaissance,<\/span> un<\/span> acte<\/span> de<\/span> pens\u00e9e,<\/span> vous<\/span> n’en<\/span> tirerez<\/span> jamais<\/span> de<\/span> l’esprit,<\/span> cela<\/span> est<\/span> d’un<\/span> autre<\/span> ordre.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cet<\/span> argument<\/span> n’est<\/span> pas<\/span> de<\/span> moi.<\/span> Il<\/span> est<\/span> d’un<\/span> philosophe<\/span> mat\u00e9rialiste<\/span> qui<\/span> n’est<\/span> pas<\/span> suspect<\/span> de<\/span> cl\u00e9ricalisme <\/span>: <\/span>Denis Diderot, <\/span>dans une <\/span>lettre <\/span>\u00e0 sa <\/span>gentille <\/span>amie <\/span>Sophie Voilant <\/span>et aussi dans le<\/span> R\u00eave de d’Alembert.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cela<\/span> signifie<\/span> en<\/span> clair<\/span> qu’on<\/span> ne<\/span> peut<\/span> pas<\/span> tirer,<\/span> qu’on<\/span> ne<\/span> peut<\/span> pas<\/span> faire<\/span> sortir<\/span> l’esprit,<\/span> la<\/span> pens\u00e9e,<\/span> de <\/span>la <\/span>mati\u00e8re, <\/span>si la <\/span>mati\u00e8re <\/span>est bien ce <\/span>qu’\u00e9tudie <\/span>le <\/span>physicien. <\/span>L’acte de connaissance est irr\u00e9ductible<\/span> \u00e0 un ensemble de choses. On ne peut pas tirer <\/span>l’acte <\/span>de la <\/span>connaissance, <\/span>l’acte et la vie de la<\/span> pens\u00e9e,<\/span> d’un ensemble d’atomes, aussi grand <\/span>soit-il, parce <\/span>que l’acte <\/span>de la <\/span>pens\u00e9e n’\u00e9tait <\/span>pas dans<\/span> cet<\/span> ensemble <\/span>d’atomes, <\/span>aussi <\/span>grand, aussi nombreux<\/span> soit-il.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C’est<\/span> quelque<\/span> chose<\/span> de<\/span> nouveau<\/span> et<\/span> d’irr\u00e9ductible<\/span> qui<\/span> est<\/span> apparu<\/span> dans<\/span> l’univers.<\/span> Comment<\/span> comprendre l’existence d’un \u00eatre <\/span>capable <\/span>de <\/span>pens\u00e9e, <\/span>de <\/span>connaissance, <\/span>de r\u00e9flexion, au terme<\/span> actuel<\/span> de l’histoire de l’univers et de la <\/span>mati\u00e8re, <\/span>alors qu’au <\/span>commencement <\/span>de <\/span>l’univers <\/span>et de l’histoire<\/span> de la mati\u00e8re, il n’y avait pas d’\u00eatre pensant <\/span>dans <\/span>l’univers? Comment comprendre <\/span>que <\/span>cette<\/span> nouveaut\u00e9<\/span> soit<\/span> apparue<\/span> dans<\/span> l’histoire<\/span> de<\/span> l’univers<\/span> alors<\/span> que<\/span> cette<\/span> nouveaut\u00e9,<\/span> l’existence<\/span> d’une<\/span> pens\u00e9e,<\/span> n’\u00e9tait<\/span> pas contenue dans <\/span>la <\/span>mati\u00e8re d’autrefois, dans <\/span>la <\/span>mati\u00e8re <\/span>qui <\/span>pr\u00e9c\u00e9dait <\/span>? <\/span>Telle <\/span>est la <\/span>question. <\/span>Et<\/span> ici <\/span>les <\/span>explications <\/span>par le hasard <\/span>ne <\/span>sont m\u00eame plus tent\u00e9es, car elles sont <\/span>\u00e9videmment inop\u00e9rantes.<\/span> Par <\/span>un <\/span>hasard prodigieux <\/span>on <\/span>peut bien <\/span>expliquer l’arrangement <\/span>de <\/span>caract\u00e8res d’imprimerie, <\/span>ou<\/span> encore d’atomes <\/span>et de <\/span>mol\u00e9cules. <\/span>Mais <\/span>l’arrangement des atomes mat\u00e9riels <\/span>et des <\/span>mol\u00e9cules<\/span> n’explique<\/span> toujours<\/span> pas<\/span> l’existence<\/span> d’un<\/span> \u00eatre<\/span> capable<\/span> de<\/span> pens\u00e9e<\/span> et<\/span> de<\/span> connaissance.<\/span> Cela<\/span> est<\/span> d’un<\/span> autre<\/span> ordre.<\/span> Le <\/span>psychologue, <\/span>le <\/span>neurophysiologiste, <\/span>vont <\/span>\u00e9tudier <\/span>cet \u00eatre <\/span>capable <\/span>de <\/span>pens\u00e9e, <\/span>sous toutes<\/span> ses <\/span>coutures. <\/span>Par <\/span>exemple <\/span>on va <\/span>explorer <\/span>la <\/span>structure <\/span>hautement complexe <\/span>du <\/span>cerveau, <\/span>avec ses<\/span> cent<\/span> milliards <\/span>de cellules nerveuses. Mais l’existence m\u00eame de cette information qui constitue<\/span> le<\/span> cerveau, qui <\/span>l’expliquera? <\/span>Et <\/span>l’existence <\/span>de <\/span>l’information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique contenue <\/span>dans <\/span>la <\/span>t\u00eate<\/span> du spermatozo\u00efde<\/span> et<\/span> dans<\/span> le<\/span> noyau<\/span> de<\/span> l’ovule,<\/span> dans<\/span> une<\/span> masse<\/span> de<\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span> de<\/span> quelque<\/span> millioni\u00e8mes<\/span> de <\/span>milligramme, cette information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique <\/span>qui <\/span>commande <\/span>\u00e0 la construction de cet \u00eatre dont<\/span> le<\/span> cerveau est pourvu <\/span>de <\/span>cent milliards <\/span>de <\/span>neurones avec leurs <\/span>interconnexions, <\/span>qui<\/span> expliquera<\/span> l’existence m\u00eame de cette nouvelle information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique apparue il y a relativement peu <\/span> de <\/span>temps dans <\/span>l’univers? <\/span>Cet \u00eatre <\/span>est <\/span>capable <\/span>de <\/span>pens\u00e9e, <\/span>de <\/span>connaissance. <\/span>Qui <\/span>expliquera <\/span>la <\/span>gen\u00e8se<\/span> d’une<\/span> information <\/span>g\u00e9n\u00e9tique capable <\/span>de <\/span>commander <\/span>\u00e0 la <\/span>construction <\/span>d’un <\/span>\u00eatre <\/span>capable <\/span>de<\/span> connaissance r\u00e9fl\u00e9chie? Est-ce <\/span>la <\/span>mati\u00e8re <\/span>d’autrefois <\/span>qui <\/span>suffit <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>rendre compte <\/span>de <\/span>cette nouvelle <\/span>information?<\/span> La mati\u00e8re par elle-m\u00eame suffit-elle \u00e0 rendre compte de l’information dans laquelle elle est<\/span> int\u00e9gr\u00e9e?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les atomes qu’\u00e9tudie la physique suffisent-ils <\/span>par eux-m\u00eames <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>rendre <\/span>compte <\/span>du<\/span> message<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique inscrit <\/span>dans <\/span>les <\/span>mol\u00e9cules g\u00e9antes compos\u00e9es <\/span>avec des <\/span>atomes de carbone,<\/span> d’hydrog\u00e8ne, d’oxyg\u00e8ne,<\/span> d’azote,<\/span> et<\/span> quelques<\/span> autres<\/span> encore?<\/span> Les<\/span> caract\u00e8res<\/span> d’imprimerie<\/span> suffisent-ils<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> rendre<\/span> compte <\/span>du <\/span>message <\/span>qui est <\/span>\u00e9crit <\/span>avec<\/span> eux?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La<\/span> multiplicit\u00e9,<\/span> une<\/span> multiplicit\u00e9<\/span> quelconque,<\/span> peut-elle<\/span> jamais<\/span> suffire,<\/span> par<\/span> elle-m\u00eame,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> rendre compte <\/span>de <\/span>l’existence <\/span>d’une composition, d’une composition signifiante, qui porte <\/span>un <\/span>message?<\/span> D’autant <\/span>plus que, nous <\/span>le <\/span>savons aujourd’hui, <\/span>de <\/span>science <\/span>certaine <\/span>: <\/span>dans <\/span>un <\/span>message<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique quelconque,<\/span> par<\/span> exemple<\/span> celui<\/span> de<\/span> l’homme,<\/span> les<\/span> atomes<\/span> qui<\/span> entrent<\/span> dans<\/span> sa<\/span> constitution<\/span> sont constamment <\/span>chang\u00e9s, renouvel\u00e9s. <\/span>Ce qui <\/span>subsiste seul, c’est <\/span>le message lui-m\u00eame. C’est comme<\/span> si, lorsque vous lisez <\/span>votre<\/span> journal,<\/span> les <\/span>caract\u00e8res d’imprimerie <\/span>\u00e9taient<\/span> constamment<\/span> chang\u00e9s,<\/span> renouvel\u00e9s;<\/span> seuls<\/span> les<\/span> mots,<\/span> les<\/span> phrases,<\/span> le<\/span> message,<\/span> le<\/span> sens<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> phrase<\/span> subsisteraient,<\/span> mais<\/span> les<\/span> supports mat\u00e9riels <\/span>seraient chang\u00e9s sans arr\u00eat… Les atomes multiples, <\/span>en <\/span>toute hypoth\u00e8se, <\/span>ne<\/span> peuvent pas <\/span>suffire <\/span>par <\/span>eux-m\u00eames \u00e0 rendre compte de l’existence d’une <\/span>substance, <\/span>c’est-\u00e0-dire <\/span>d’un \u00eatre<\/span> qui<\/span> subsiste<\/span> en<\/span> renouvelant<\/span> constamment<\/span> ces<\/span> atomes<\/span> multiples<\/span> qu’il<\/span> int\u00e8gre<\/span> et<\/span> qu’il<\/span> informe.<\/span> Et<\/span> si<\/span> cet<\/span> \u00eatre<\/span> est<\/span> de<\/span> plus<\/span> un<\/span> psychisme,<\/span> ce<\/span> qui<\/span> est<\/span> le<\/span> cas,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> des<\/span> degr\u00e9s<\/span> divers,<\/span> pour<\/span> tous<\/span> les<\/span> \u00eatres<\/span> vivants,<\/span> il<\/span> est<\/span> encore<\/span> plus<\/span> \u00e9vident<\/span> que<\/span> la<\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span> multiple<\/span> int\u00e9gr\u00e9e<\/span> ne<\/span> suffit<\/span> pas<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> rendre<\/span> compte<\/span> de<\/span> l’existence de<\/span> cette<\/span> substance<\/span> consciente<\/span> qui<\/span> int\u00e8gre<\/span> une<\/span> multiplicit\u00e9<\/span> mat\u00e9rielle,<\/span> laquelle<\/span> est<\/span> constamment chang\u00e9e.<\/span> La<\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span> inform\u00e9e<\/span> ne<\/span> suffit<\/span> pas<\/span> par<\/span> elle-m\u00eame<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> rendre<\/span> compte<\/span> de<\/span> l’existence<\/span> de<\/span> celui<\/span> qui<\/span> l’informe.<\/span> Pour<\/span> traiter<\/span> correctement<\/span> le<\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span> philosophique<\/span> pos\u00e9<\/span> par<\/span> l’apparition<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> vie,<\/span> l’apparition <\/span>de <\/span>tous les \u00eatres vivants <\/span>et <\/span>finalement <\/span>l’apparition de l’Homme, il faut aller jusqu’\u00e0<\/span> faire l’analyse<\/span> de<\/span> ce<\/span> qu’est<\/span> une<\/span> substance<\/span> :<\/span> un<\/span> \u00eatre<\/span> qui<\/span> informe<\/span> une<\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span> multiple<\/span> toujours<\/span> changeante. <\/span>Voil\u00e0 donc quelques <\/span>probl\u00e8mes <\/span>qui <\/span>s’imposent <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>l’intelligence <\/span>humaine <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>partir <\/span>de la<\/span> r\u00e9alit\u00e9 objective,<\/span> l’univers,<\/span> la<\/span> nature<\/span> et<\/span> tout<\/span> ce<\/span> qui<\/span> s’y<\/span> trouve,<\/span> l’Homme<\/span> y<\/span> compris,<\/span> et<\/span> que<\/span> les<\/span> sciences<\/span> exp\u00e9rimentales, <\/span>en <\/span>tant que telles, sont <\/span>incapables <\/span>de traiter, parce que ce n’est pas leur objet.<\/span> Il<\/span> manque<\/span> donc<\/span> une<\/span> discipline<\/span> sp\u00e9ciale<\/span> pour<\/span> traiter<\/span> ces<\/span> probl\u00e8mes.<\/span> C’est<\/span> celle<\/span> que,<\/span> depuis<\/span> Aristote<\/span> au moins, <\/span>on a coutume d’appeler<\/span> philosophie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

J’appelle<\/span> donc<\/span> philosophie<\/span> \u2014<\/span> mais<\/span> vous<\/span> pouvez<\/span> parfaitement<\/span> choisir<\/span> un<\/span> autre<\/span> terme<\/span> si<\/span> vous <\/span>pr\u00e9f\u00e9rez,<\/span> cela<\/span> n’a<\/span> aucune<\/span> esp\u00e8ce<\/span> d’importance<\/span> \u2014<\/span> l’analyse<\/span> rationnelle<\/span> des<\/span> probl\u00e8mes<\/span> qui<\/span> s’imposent<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> l’intelligence <\/span>humaine <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>partir <\/span>de la <\/span>r\u00e9alit\u00e9 objective, <\/span>scientifiquement explor\u00e9e, et que <\/span>les<\/span> sciences<\/span> exp\u00e9rimentales, <\/span>en <\/span>tant que <\/span>telles, <\/span>ne <\/span>sont pas <\/span>en mesure de<\/span> traiter.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Bon,<\/span> me<\/span> direz-vous,<\/span> (en<\/span> supposant<\/span> que<\/span> vous<\/span> consid\u00e9riez<\/span> comme<\/span> corrects<\/span> les<\/span> exemples<\/span> que<\/span> je <\/span>vous <\/span>ai <\/span>propos\u00e9s) <\/span>admettons <\/span>qu’il existe des <\/span>probl\u00e8mes <\/span>qui <\/span>s’imposent <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>l’intelligence humaine<\/span> \u00e0 <\/span>partir <\/span>de la <\/span>r\u00e9alit\u00e9 objective <\/span>que les <\/span>sciences <\/span>exp\u00e9rimentales explorent, <\/span>et <\/span>que <\/span>ni <\/span>l’astrophysique,<\/span> ni <\/span>la <\/span>physique, <\/span>ni la <\/span>chimie, <\/span>ni la <\/span>biochimie, <\/span>ni <\/span>la <\/span>biologie, <\/span>ni la <\/span>zoologie, <\/span>ni la <\/span>pal\u00e9ontologie, <\/span>ni<\/span> la<\/span> neurophysiologie, <\/span>ni la <\/span>psychologie exp\u00e9rimentale <\/span>ne <\/span>peuvent <\/span>traiter, parce que ce n’est pas<\/span> leur objet.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mais<\/span> comment<\/span> fait-on<\/span> pour<\/span> les<\/span> traiter?<\/span> Est-il<\/span> seulement<\/span> possible<\/span> de<\/span> les<\/span> traiter?<\/span> \u2014<\/span> L’analyse<\/span> philosophique,<\/span> c’est<\/span> tout<\/span> simplement<\/span> l’analyse<\/span> logique<\/span> du<\/span> r\u00e9el,<\/span> jusqu’au<\/span> bout.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ce<\/span> n’est<\/span> pas<\/span> sorcier.<\/span> Il<\/span> ne<\/span> s’agit<\/span> pas<\/span> de<\/span> faire<\/span> appel<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> des<\/span> puissances<\/span> mystiques,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> des<\/span> facult\u00e9s <\/span>transcendantes d’intuition, <\/span>ni \u00e0 des <\/span>facult\u00e9s esth\u00e9tiques. <\/span>Il <\/span>suffit tout simplement <\/span>de<\/span> raisonner correctement<\/span> sur<\/span> le<\/span> r\u00e9el,<\/span> tel<\/span> que<\/span> les<\/span> sciences<\/span> exp\u00e9rimentales<\/span> nous<\/span> le<\/span> font<\/span> conna\u00eetre.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Deux <\/span>conditions <\/span>sont donc <\/span>requises <\/span>pour <\/span>entreprendre <\/span>ces <\/span>analyses <\/span>: se <\/span>mettre <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>l’\u00e9cole<\/span> des <\/span>sciences exp\u00e9rimentales pour apprendre <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>conna\u00eetre <\/span>ce qui <\/span>est, <\/span>et <\/span>raisonner <\/span>correctement,<\/span> sans<\/span> commettre trop de<\/span> paralogismes.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’univers <\/span>se <\/span>d\u00e9couvre <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>nous, depuis <\/span>le <\/span>d\u00e9but <\/span>du <\/span>XX<\/span>e <\/span><\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle, comme <\/span>un <\/span>processus<\/span> \u00e9volutif<\/span> irr\u00e9versible, <\/span>qui <\/span>porte <\/span>la mati\u00e8re vers des degr\u00e9s de complication ou de <\/span>complexit\u00e9 <\/span>de <\/span>plus <\/span>en<\/span> plus<\/span> grands. <\/span>Comme vous <\/span>le <\/span>savez, <\/span>il <\/span>existe une <\/span>histoire <\/span>de la <\/span>mati\u00e8re. <\/span>La <\/span>mati\u00e8re <\/span>la <\/span>plus simple <\/span>est <\/span> aussi <\/span>la <\/span>plus <\/span>ancienne. <\/span>La plus <\/span>complexe <\/span>est <\/span>la <\/span>plus <\/span>r\u00e9cente. <\/span>Le <\/span>tableau p\u00e9riodique <\/span>des <\/span>\u00e9l\u00e9ments<\/span> de Mendele\u00efev<\/span> doit<\/span> se<\/span> lire<\/span> dans<\/span> une<\/span> perspective<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span> et<\/span> historique.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En <\/span>physique, <\/span>on <\/span>conna\u00eet <\/span>en <\/span>gros une <\/span>bonne <\/span>centaine d’esp\u00e8ces d’atomes, <\/span>de<\/span> complexit\u00e9 <\/span>croissante,<\/span> form\u00e9s<\/span> au<\/span> cours<\/span> de<\/span> l’histoire<\/span> de<\/span> l’univers.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mais sur les <\/span>obscures plan\u00e8tes, <\/span>la <\/span>composition <\/span>de la <\/span>mati\u00e8re s’est poursuivie <\/span>par <\/span>la <\/span>gen\u00e8se<\/span> des<\/span> grosses<\/span> mol\u00e9cules.<\/span> L\u00e0<\/span> encore,<\/span> le<\/span> nombre<\/span> des<\/span> esp\u00e8ces<\/span> compos\u00e9es<\/span> n’est<\/span> pas<\/span> ind\u00e9fini.<\/span> Il<\/span> est<\/span> m\u00eame <\/span>relativement <\/span>petit : cinq bases <\/span>pour <\/span>la <\/span>composition <\/span>des <\/span>acides <\/span>nucl\u00e9iques, <\/span>ADN <\/span>et <\/span>ARN <\/span>;<\/span> une vingtaine<\/span> d’acides<\/span> amin\u00e9s<\/span> pour<\/span> la<\/span> composition<\/span> de<\/span> toutes<\/span> les<\/span> prot\u00e9ines.<\/span> Toute<\/span> l’histoire<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> vie,<\/span> depuis <\/span>ses <\/span>origines <\/span>jusqu’aujourd’hui, <\/span>va <\/span>\u00eatre \u00e9crite, compos\u00e9e, avec ces <\/span>cinq bases <\/span>et <\/span>ces <\/span>vingt<\/span> acides<\/span> amin\u00e9s,<\/span> dispos\u00e9s<\/span> dans<\/span> un<\/span> certain<\/span> ordre,<\/span> tout<\/span> comme<\/span> les<\/span> lettres<\/span> de<\/span> nos<\/span> alphabets.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le<\/span> nombre<\/span> des<\/span> groupes<\/span> zoologiques<\/span> invent\u00e9s<\/span> au<\/span> cours<\/span> de<\/span> l’histoire<\/span> naturelle<\/span> des<\/span> esp\u00e8ces<\/span> n’est <\/span>pas non plus <\/span>infini. <\/span>Les <\/span>esp\u00e8ces <\/span>vivantes <\/span>se <\/span>comptent <\/span>par <\/span>millions, <\/span>mais les <\/span>principaux<\/span> types<\/span> biologiques <\/span>sont <\/span>en <\/span>petit nombre. <\/span>Les grandes inventions biologiques sont <\/span>en <\/span>nombre<\/span> restreint.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Aux<\/span> compositions<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span> qu’\u00e9tudie<\/span> la<\/span> physique<\/span> \u2014<\/span> une<\/span> centaine<\/span> d’esp\u00e8ces<\/span> \u2014<\/span> succ\u00e8de<\/span> donc<\/span> une<\/span> composition<\/span> mol\u00e9culaire<\/span> qui<\/span> relaie<\/span> les<\/span> pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes.<\/span> L’invention<\/span> des<\/span> grandes<\/span> structures<\/span> mol\u00e9culaires<\/span> de<\/span> type<\/span> s\u00e9mantique<\/span> qu’\u00e9tudie<\/span> la<\/span> biochimie<\/span> est<\/span> relay\u00e9e<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> son<\/span> tour<\/span> par<\/span> cette<\/span> autre<\/span> invention <\/span>que les <\/span>zoologistes appellent l’\u00e9volution <\/span>biologique. Et les zoologistes ont remarqu\u00e9<\/span> que <\/span>dans <\/span>l’histoire naturelle des esp\u00e8ces, on observe encore cette <\/span>loi des <\/span>relais <\/span>: <\/span>les <\/span>groupes<\/span> zoologiques<\/span> se<\/span> succ\u00e8dent<\/span> sur<\/span> la<\/span> plan\u00e8te<\/span> comme<\/span> s’ils<\/span> se<\/span> relayaient.<\/span> Leurs<\/span> empires<\/span> s’\u00e9croulent<\/span> et<\/span> sont<\/span> relay\u00e9s<\/span> par<\/span> d’autres. <\/span>L’empire <\/span>des grands <\/span>dinosauriens <\/span>a <\/span>\u00e9t\u00e9 <\/span>relay\u00e9 <\/span>par celui des <\/span>mammif\u00e8res. <\/span>Les<\/span> groupes<\/span> zoologiques<\/span> naissent,<\/span> se<\/span> d\u00e9veloppent,<\/span> puis<\/span> d\u00e9clinent<\/span> et<\/span> ne<\/span> laissent<\/span> que<\/span> quelques<\/span> restes<\/span> qui<\/span> sont comme <\/span>des <\/span>fossiles vivants. <\/span>Nous <\/span>sommes entour\u00e9s <\/span>de <\/span>ces <\/span>fossiles <\/span>vivants <\/span>qui <\/span>nous permettent<\/span> de reconstituer l’histoire <\/span>de<\/span> l’\u00e9volution.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La<\/span> cr\u00e9ation<\/span> de<\/span> l’univers<\/span> et<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> nature<\/span> proc\u00e8de<\/span> donc<\/span> par<\/span> \u00e9tapes,<\/span> par<\/span> paliers<\/span> \u00e9tages<\/span> de <\/span>compositions<\/span> qui<\/span> int\u00e8grent<\/span> des<\/span> compositions<\/span> ant\u00e9rieures.<\/span> Les<\/span> compositions<\/span> les<\/span> plus<\/span> anciennes,<\/span> les<\/span> plus<\/span> primitives,<\/span> ne<\/span> sont<\/span> pas<\/span> d\u00e9truites,<\/span> mais<\/span> int\u00e9gr\u00e9es<\/span> et<\/span> utilis\u00e9es<\/span> dans<\/span> les<\/span> compositions<\/span> ult\u00e9rieures<\/span> et <\/span>plus<\/span> complexes.<\/span> Les<\/span> compositions<\/span> physiques<\/span> sont<\/span> utilis\u00e9es<\/span> dans<\/span> les<\/span> compositions<\/span> mol\u00e9culaires,<\/span> et<\/span> les<\/span> compositions mol\u00e9culaires <\/span>sont <\/span>utilis\u00e9es <\/span>dans les compositions cellulaires. <\/span>Les <\/span>g\u00e9n\u00e9ticiens<\/span> nous <\/span>enseignent <\/span>que <\/span>dans <\/span>les <\/span>messages g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques <\/span>de <\/span>l’Homme <\/span>se <\/span>trouvent <\/span>des <\/span>chapitres <\/span>entiers qui<\/span> ont <\/span>\u00e9t\u00e9<\/span> compos\u00e9s<\/span> il<\/span> y<\/span> a<\/span> des<\/span> centaines<\/span> de<\/span> millions<\/span> d’ann\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Quoiqu’il <\/span>en <\/span>soit <\/span>de <\/span>tout cela, une chose est d\u00e9sormais certaine, c’est <\/span>que <\/span>l’histoire <\/span>de<\/span> l’univers, l’histoire <\/span>de la <\/span>mati\u00e8re, <\/span>se <\/span>pr\u00e9sentent maintenant <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>nous comme l’histoire <\/span>d’une<\/span> composition continu\u00e9e,<\/span> qui<\/span> va<\/span> des<\/span> formes<\/span> simples<\/span> aux<\/span> formes<\/span> complexes,<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span> relativement<\/span> simple,<\/span> l’hydrog\u00e8ne <\/span>et les <\/span>traces d’h\u00e9lium <\/span>qui <\/span>constituaient <\/span>l’univers <\/span>il <\/span>y a <\/span>quelque quinze milliards d’ann\u00e9es,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> ce<\/span> syst\u00e8me,<\/span> le<\/span> plus<\/span> complexe<\/span> que<\/span> nous<\/span> connaissons<\/span> dans<\/span> l’univers<\/span> d’aujourd’hui<\/span> :<\/span> le<\/span> cerveau<\/span> de l’Homme,<\/span> avec<\/span> ses<\/span> cent<\/span> milliards<\/span> de<\/span> cellules<\/span> nerveuses<\/span> et<\/span> leurs<\/span> interconnexions.<\/span> L’univers<\/span> se pr\u00e9sente<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> nous<\/span> comme<\/span> une<\/span> composition<\/span> qui<\/span> va<\/span> du<\/span> simple<\/span> au<\/span> complexe.<\/span> Dans<\/span> l’univers<\/span> au<\/span> cours du temps, l’information augmente d’une mani\u00e8re constante et elle augmente m\u00eame d’une<\/span> mani\u00e8re acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e.<\/span> Dans<\/span> l’histoire<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> vie,<\/span> si<\/span> vous<\/span> mettez<\/span> sur<\/span> un<\/span> axe<\/span> les<\/span> temps<\/span> et<\/span> sur<\/span> l’autre<\/span> le<\/span> nombre des grands groupes zoologiques invent\u00e9s, vous constatez que l’\u00e9volution biologique est<\/span> acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e. La<\/span> croissance<\/span> de<\/span> l’information<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span> est<\/span> donc<\/span> acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e<\/span> elle<\/span> aussi.<\/span> Telle<\/span> est<\/span> la<\/span> structure<\/span> de l’univers<\/span> qui<\/span> s’impose<\/span> d\u00e9sormais<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> nous,<\/span> la<\/span> structure<\/span> de<\/span> l’histoire<\/span> de<\/span> l’univers.<\/span> On<\/span> part<\/span> de<\/span> la mati\u00e8re relativement simple, c’est-\u00e0-dire de compositions relativement simples, celles<\/span> qui constituent<\/span> l’hydrog\u00e8ne,<\/span> et<\/span> on<\/span> aboutit,<\/span> en<\/span> quelque<\/span> vingt<\/span> milliards<\/span> d’ann\u00e9es,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> un<\/span> \u00eatre<\/span> capable<\/span> de<\/span> pens\u00e9e et de connaissance.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’univers est donc un syst\u00e8me \u00e9volutif, \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique, et non pr\u00e9form\u00e9 dans<\/span> lequel l’information augmente constamment ; et \u00e0 aucun moment de son histoire l’univers ne suffit, \u00e0 <\/span> lui tout seul ou par lui-m\u00eame, \u00e0 rendre compte de cette nouveaut\u00e9 d’information qui surgit en lui,<\/span> de ce suppl\u00e9ment d’information qui vient l’enrichir. Le pass\u00e9 de l’univers, \u00e0 aucun moment, ne<\/span> suffit<\/span> \u00e0 rendre compte de son avenir, car l’avenir de l’univers est toujours plus riche en information<\/span> que son pass\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’univers<\/span> ne<\/span> suffit<\/span> pas,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> aucun<\/span> moment<\/span> de<\/span> son<\/span> histoire,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> rendre<\/span> compte<\/span> de<\/span> cette<\/span> gen\u00e8se d’information nouvelle qui va susciter en lui des \u00eatres nouveaux, et puisque cette<\/span> information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique nouvelle ne peut venir du n\u00e9ant \u2014 car le n\u00e9ant est st\u00e9rile et ne produit rien du tout \u2014<\/span> il reste que cette information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique nouvelle qui constamment enrichit l’univers dans<\/span> son histoire, provient d’une source <\/span>X <\/i><\/span>que l’on appellera comme on<\/span> voudra.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’univers<\/span> est<\/span> un<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> \u00e9volutif,<\/span> \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> information<\/span> croissante,<\/span> en<\/span> r\u00e9gime<\/span> de composition<\/span> continu\u00e9e<\/span> et<\/span> puisqu’il<\/span> ne<\/span> peut<\/span> pas<\/span> suffire<\/span> par<\/span> lui-m\u00eame<\/span> et<\/span> seul<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> rendre<\/span> compte<\/span> de<\/span> cette<\/span> information<\/span> nouvelle<\/span> qui<\/span> surgit<\/span> en<\/span> lui<\/span> constamment,<\/span> c’est<\/span> qu’il<\/span> la<\/span> re\u00e7oit.<\/span> L’univers<\/span> est<\/span> un<\/span> syst\u00e8me qui constamment re\u00e7oit de<\/span> l’information.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Vous<\/span> appellerez<\/span> comme<\/span> vous<\/span> voudrez<\/span> cette<\/i><\/span> <\/i>source<\/span> ou<\/span> origine<\/span> radicale<\/span> de<\/span> l’information. Mais<\/span> le<\/span> fait<\/span> est<\/span> l\u00e0<\/span> :<\/span> l’univers<\/span> dans<\/span> son<\/span> histoire<\/span> est<\/span> analogue<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> une<\/span> symphonie<\/span> en<\/span> train<\/span> d’\u00eatre compos\u00e9e<\/span> et<\/span> le<\/span> pass\u00e9<\/span> de<\/span> cette<\/span> symphonie<\/span> ne<\/span> suffit<\/span> pas<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> rendre<\/span> compte<\/span> de<\/span> son<\/span> avenir<\/span> car,<\/span> dans cette histoire de l’univers, l’avenir est toujours plus riche en information que le pass\u00e9. Ce ne<\/span> sont pas<\/span> les<\/span> notes<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> symphonie<\/span> par<\/span> elles-m\u00eames<\/span> qui<\/span> suffisent<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> rendre<\/span> compte<\/span> de<\/span> ces<\/span> nouvelles compositions<\/span> qui<\/span> vont<\/span> \u00eatre<\/span> invent\u00e9es<\/span> dans<\/span> l’histoire<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> gen\u00e8se<\/span> de<\/span> cette<\/span> symphonie.<\/span> De<\/span> m\u00eame, ce ne sont pas les atomes par eux-m\u00eames qui suffisent \u00e0 rendre compte des compositions de<\/span> plus en plus riches en information, de plus en plus complexes, dans lesquelles ils sont<\/span> int\u00e9gr\u00e9s.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dire cela, dire que l’univers est un syst\u00e8me en r\u00e9gime de composition continu\u00e9e, et que<\/span> par la force des choses, il re\u00e7oit de l’information, puisqu’il ne peut pas se donner \u00e0<\/span> lui-m\u00eame l’information qu’il n’a pas, c’est tout aussi rationaliste que la th\u00e8se adverse, selon laquelle<\/span> l’univers est un syst\u00e8me qui se<\/span> suffit.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Il n’y a aucune raison \u00e0 priori d’admettre que seule la th\u00e8se selon laquelle l’univers se<\/span> suffit, serait<\/span> rationaliste.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mais \u00e0 posteriori, et en tenant compte de l’exp\u00e9rience, c’est-\u00e0-dire de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 objective,<\/span> on peut constater que la situation est d\u00e9sormais renvers\u00e9e. Seule la th\u00e8se qui affirme que l’univers<\/span> est un syst\u00e8me \u00e9volutif, \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique, irr\u00e9versible et \u00e0 information croissante, et qui par<\/span> cons\u00e9quent re\u00e7oit<\/span> constamment<\/span> de<\/span> l’information<\/span> nouvelle,<\/span> \u2014<\/span> seule<\/span> cette<\/span> th\u00e8se<\/span> est<\/span> rationnelle<\/span> et<\/span> rationaliste, puisque seule elle est conforme au r\u00e9el tel qu’il est connu dans notre<\/span> exp\u00e9rience.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Il<\/span> n’y<\/span> a<\/span> aucune<\/span> raison<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> priori<\/span> d’admettre<\/span> que<\/span> seul<\/span> le<\/span> monisme<\/span> serait<\/span> rationnel,<\/span> que<\/span> la <\/span>rationalit\u00e9,<\/span> c’est<\/span> l’ontologie<\/span> de<\/span> Parm\u00e9nide<\/span> et<\/span> de<\/span> Spinoza,<\/span> \u2014<\/span> et<\/span> l’exp\u00e9rience<\/span> nous<\/span> montre<\/span> que<\/span> la<\/span> cosmologie<\/span> de<\/span> Parm\u00e9nide<\/span> et<\/span> de<\/span> Spinoza,<\/span> qui<\/span> professaient<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> priori<\/span> que<\/span> l’univers<\/span> est<\/span> un<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> ne <\/span>comportant <\/span>ni <\/span>gen\u00e8se <\/span>ni <\/span>corruption, l’exp\u00e9rience <\/span>nous montre que cette cosmologie est<\/span> fausse.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mais<\/span> justement,<\/span> Parm\u00e9nide<\/span> se<\/span> faisait<\/span> fort<\/span> de<\/span> rejeter<\/span> comme<\/span> illusoire<\/span> l’enseignement<\/span> de<\/span> l’exp\u00e9rience\u2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En<\/span> effet,<\/span> la<\/span> rationalit\u00e9<\/span> et<\/span> le<\/span> rationalisme<\/span> ne<\/span> doivent<\/span> pas<\/span> et<\/span> ne<\/span> peuvent<\/span> pas<\/span> se<\/span> d\u00e9terminer<\/span> \u00e0 priori.<\/span> \u00c9tablir,<\/span> d\u00e9terminer<\/span> ce<\/span> qui<\/span> est<\/span> rationnel<\/span> et<\/span> ce<\/span> qui<\/span> ne<\/span> l’est<\/span> pas,<\/span> cela<\/span> ne<\/span> peut<\/span> se<\/span> faire<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> priori. C’est la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 elle-m\u00eame qui est <\/span>seule juge. C’est elle <\/span>qui <\/span>d\u00e9cide. <\/span>Un <\/span>rationalisme scientifique <\/span>est<\/span> un rationalisme<\/span> exp\u00e9rimental.<\/span> L’exp\u00e9rience<\/span> nous <\/span>montre<\/span> que <\/span>l’univers<\/span> est un <\/span>syst\u00e8me<\/span> \u00e9volutif, <\/span>\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique <\/span>et \u00e0 <\/span>information croissante, <\/span>un <\/span>syst\u00e8me <\/span>en <\/span>r\u00e9gime <\/span>de <\/span>composition continu\u00e9e,<\/span> orient\u00e9 d’une<\/span> mani\u00e8re<\/span> irr\u00e9versible.<\/span> \u00catre<\/span> rationaliste,<\/span> c’est<\/span> le<\/span> voir<\/span> et<\/span> le<\/span> reconna\u00eetre.<\/span> Puisque<\/span> manifestement<\/span> l’univers dans <\/span>son <\/span>histoire n’a <\/span>pas pu se <\/span>donner <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>lui-m\u00eame cette information nouvelle qu’il<\/span> ne <\/span>poss\u00e9dait<\/span> pas<\/span> auparavant<\/span> et<\/span> cela<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> chaque<\/span> \u00e9tape<\/span> de<\/span> sa<\/span> gen\u00e8se,<\/span> c’est<\/span> que,<\/span> manifestement,<\/span> cette information, <\/span>il <\/span>l’a <\/span>re\u00e7ue. L’univers est donc un syst\u00e8me qui constamment, au <\/span>cours <\/span>de <\/span>son <\/span> histoire, <\/span>de<\/span> sa<\/span> dur\u00e9e,<\/span> re\u00e7oit<\/span> de<\/span> l’information<\/span> ;<\/span> \u00eatre<\/span> rationaliste<\/span> c’est<\/span> le<\/span> reconna\u00eetre<\/span> et<\/span> le<\/span> proclamer.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00catre rationaliste, <\/span>ce <\/span>n’est <\/span>pas <\/span>\u00eatre fix\u00e9 <\/span>\u00e0 des <\/span>syst\u00e8mes <\/span>construits <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>priori dans <\/span>le <\/span>pass\u00e9,<\/span> comme celui<\/span> de<\/span> Parm\u00e9nide<\/span> ou<\/span> celui<\/span> de<\/span> Spinoza,<\/span> qui<\/span> proclamaient<\/span> l’un<\/span> et<\/span> l’autre<\/span> que<\/span> l’\u00catre<\/span> est<\/span> un,<\/span> que<\/span> la Substance<\/span> est<\/span> unique,<\/span> et<\/span> que<\/span> le<\/span> Monde<\/span> physique<\/span> c’est<\/span> l’\u00catre,<\/span> la<\/span> Substance<\/span> unique.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’un<\/span> et<\/span> l’autre<\/span> ne<\/span> pouvaient<\/span> soutenir<\/span> cette<\/span> th\u00e8se<\/span> qu’en<\/span> affirmant<\/span> que<\/span> toute<\/span> gen\u00e8se<\/span> et<\/span> toute corruption doivent \u00eatre \u00e9limin\u00e9es de la Nature qui est la substance<\/span> unique.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’\u00catre<\/span> pris<\/span> absolument,<\/span> la<\/span> Substance<\/span> unique<\/span> ne<\/span> sauraient<\/span> comporter<\/span> ni<\/span> gen\u00e8se<\/span> ni<\/span> corruption. <\/span>Or l’univers physique est l’\u00catre pris absolument. Par cons\u00e9quent <\/span>l’univers physique <\/span>ne<\/span> saurait<\/span> comporter <\/span>ni <\/span>gen\u00e8se <\/span>ni <\/span>corruption. <\/span>Et <\/span>Spinoza affirme formellement <\/span>dans <\/span>l\u2019\u00c9thique <\/i><\/span>que la <\/span>Nature<\/span> est <\/span>un <\/span>syst\u00e8me <\/span>qui <\/span>ne <\/span>comporte <\/span>pas <\/span>d’\u00e9volution, pas de d\u00e9veloppement, c’est un syst\u00e8me<\/span> fixe.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Or<\/span> les<\/span> sciences<\/span> exp\u00e9rimentales<\/span> nous<\/span> montrent<\/span> que<\/span> l’Univers<\/span> et<\/span> la<\/span> Nature<\/span> sont<\/span> un<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> en<\/span> r\u00e9gime <\/span>de <\/span>gen\u00e8se <\/span>et de <\/span>corruption, <\/span>un <\/span>syst\u00e8me <\/span>en <\/span>r\u00e9gime <\/span>d’information <\/span>croissante <\/span>mais <\/span>soumis<\/span> aussi <\/span>au<\/span> second<\/span> Principe<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> Thermodynamique<\/span> ou<\/span> Principe<\/span> de<\/span> Carnot-Clausius<\/span> :<\/span> l’Univers<\/span> est<\/span> en<\/span> gen\u00e8se<\/span> continu\u00e9e,<\/span> et<\/span> il<\/span> s’use<\/span> aussi<\/span> d’une<\/span> mani\u00e8re<\/span> irr\u00e9versible.<\/span> Croissance<\/span> de<\/span> l’information<\/span> et<\/span> croissance<\/span> de <\/span>l’entropie <\/span>se <\/span>composent dans l’univers r\u00e9el. <\/span>Les <\/span>fleurs <\/span>poussent <\/span>et se <\/span>fanent. <\/span>Les <\/span>\u00e9toiles aussi,<\/span> comme <\/span>les <\/span>fleurs <\/span>des <\/span>champs. Cela <\/span>est <\/span>totalement <\/span>en <\/span>opposition <\/span>avec les <\/span>th\u00e8ses <\/span>de <\/span>Parm\u00e9nide <\/span>et de<\/span> Spinoza.<\/span> Le<\/span> rationalisme<\/span> exp\u00e9rimental<\/span> ne<\/span> consiste<\/span> pas<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> \u00e9vacuer<\/span> l’exp\u00e9rience,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> mettre<\/span> l’exp\u00e9rience<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la <\/span>porte,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> d\u00e9clarer<\/span> que<\/span> l’exp\u00e9rience<\/span> a<\/span> tort,<\/span> mais<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> penser<\/span> ou<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> s’efforcer<\/span> de<\/span> penser<\/span> correctement<\/span> l’exp\u00e9rience.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Puisque l’univers <\/span>se <\/span>d\u00e9couvre <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>nous <\/span>d\u00e9sormais comme <\/span>une <\/span>symphonie <\/span>en <\/span>train d’\u00eatre<\/span> compos\u00e9e,<\/span> et <\/span>puisque manifestement cette symphonie <\/span>ne <\/span>peut pas <\/span>se <\/span>composer <\/span>elle-m\u00eame <\/span>(cela <\/span>n’a <\/span>aucun<\/span> sens), eh<\/span> bien,<\/span> que<\/span> cela<\/span> plaise<\/span> ou<\/span> non,<\/span> il<\/span> faut<\/span> bien<\/span> reconna\u00eetre<\/span> qu’il<\/span> doit<\/span> exister<\/span> un<\/span> Compositeur,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> moins<\/span> de renoncer \u00e0 toute pens\u00e9e<\/span> rationnelle.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Certains pr\u00e9f\u00e9reront renoncer <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>toute pens\u00e9e rationnelle, <\/span>et <\/span>inhiber, refouler, <\/span>le<\/span> d\u00e9veloppement normal <\/span>de leur <\/span>pens\u00e9e, <\/span>les <\/span>conclusions in\u00e9vitables <\/span>de <\/span>leur <\/span>raisonnement, <\/span>plut\u00f4t que d’aller<\/span> jusque-l\u00e0. Il est tr\u00e8s amusant de le <\/span>constater <\/span>: <\/span>alors qu’au XVIII<\/span>e <\/span><\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle par <\/span>exemple <\/span>et au <\/span>XIX<\/span>e<\/span><\/span><\/sup>, <\/span>l’ath\u00e9isme<\/span> se targuait d’\u00eatre <\/span>le <\/span>d\u00e9fenseur <\/span>du <\/span>rationalisme <\/span>et de la m\u00e9thode scientifique, pr\u00e9tendait <\/span>s’appuyer sur<\/span> la<\/span> raison <\/span>et <\/span>la <\/span>science, <\/span>aujourd’hui, <\/span>et <\/span>de <\/span>plus <\/span>en plus, l’ath\u00e9isme est \u00e0 la fois irrationaliste<\/span> et acosmique. <\/span>Ou <\/span>bien <\/span>l’on <\/span>renonce <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>l’exercice <\/span>de <\/span>la <\/span>pens\u00e9e <\/span>rationnelle, <\/span>ou bien l’on renonce \u00e0<\/span> penser<\/span> l’univers<\/span> r\u00e9el.<\/span> Car<\/span> il<\/span> est<\/span> impossible<\/span> de<\/span> penser<\/span> l’univers<\/span> r\u00e9el<\/span> dans<\/span> son<\/span> histoire<\/span> et<\/span> sa<\/span> gen\u00e8se,<\/span> et<\/span> de<\/span> continuer \u00e0 professer l’ath\u00e9isme. Du point de vue rationnel et exp\u00e9rimental o\u00f9 nous nous<\/span> pla\u00e7ons<\/span> ici,<\/span> l’ath\u00e9isme<\/span> est<\/span> litt\u00e9ralement<\/span> impensable,<\/span> compte<\/span> tenu<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/span> objective<\/span> que<\/span> les<\/span> sciences exp\u00e9rimentales <\/span>nous <\/span>font <\/span>conna\u00eetre. <\/span>Et <\/span>c’est bien pourquoi <\/span>tant de <\/span>philosophes <\/span>aujourd’hui<\/span> r\u00e9gnants<\/span> fuient comme <\/span>la <\/span>peste l’\u00e9tude <\/span>de l’Univers et l’\u00e9tude de la Nature. Ils pr\u00e9f\u00e8rent \u00e9tudier<\/span> les<\/span> mythologies <\/span>des <\/span>Indiens d’Am\u00e9rique, <\/span>les <\/span>n\u00e9vroses <\/span>et les <\/span>psychoses, les <\/span>fantasmes <\/span>ou la <\/span>litt\u00e9rature<\/span> ou l’histoire des <\/span>prisons <\/span>au <\/span>XVIII<\/span>e <\/span><\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle, plut\u00f4t <\/span>que <\/span>de <\/span>r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir <\/span>sur l’\u00e9volution <\/span>de <\/span>l’univers.<\/span> La philosophie contemporaine <\/span>se <\/span>caract\u00e9rise <\/span>par <\/span>une fuite, significative, devant <\/span>la <\/span>r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/span> cosmique,<\/span> physique<\/span> et<\/span> biologique.<\/span> Les<\/span> philosophes<\/span> aujourd’hui<\/span> r\u00e9gnants,<\/span> dans<\/span> leur<\/span> majorit\u00e9,<\/span> ont<\/span> horreur<\/span> de<\/span> la <\/span>nature <\/span>et de la philosophie de la<\/span> nature.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ils<\/span> diraient<\/span> volontiers<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> nature<\/span> et<\/span> aux<\/span> sciences<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> nature<\/span> :<\/span> \u201c<\/span> \u00c9loigne-toi<\/span> de<\/span> nous<\/span> !<\/span> Pourquoi<\/span> es-tu venue nous <\/span>tourmenter avant l’heure ?<\/span> \u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’ath\u00e9isme <\/span>est une <\/span>philosophie selon laquelle l’univers <\/span>est l’\u00catre, <\/span>le <\/span>seul \u00catre, <\/span>et il se<\/span> suffit.<\/span> L’exp\u00e9rience<\/span> montre<\/span> que<\/span> l’univers<\/span> est<\/span> un<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> qui,<\/span> constamment<\/span> au<\/span> cours<\/span> de<\/span> son<\/span> histoire<\/span> et<\/span> de sa <\/span>gen\u00e8se, re\u00e7oit <\/span>de <\/span>l’information nouvelle. L’univers <\/span>est donc <\/span>un <\/span>syst\u00e8me <\/span>qui <\/span>ne <\/span>suffit <\/span>pas,<\/span> et <\/span>l’ath\u00e9isme <\/span>est une philosophie <\/span>impossible, <\/span>si toutefois on veut raisonner correctement et en<\/span> tenant<\/span> compte de l’enseignement de<\/span> l’exp\u00e9rience.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Bien<\/span> entendu,<\/span> on<\/span> peut<\/span> continuer<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> raconter<\/span> n’importe<\/span> quoi<\/span> comme<\/span> le<\/span> fait<\/span> par<\/span> exemple<\/span> le p<\/span>hilosophe allemand <\/span>Friedrich Nietzsche qui professe l’\u00e9ternel retour \u00e0 la fin <\/span>du <\/span>XIX<\/span>e <\/span><\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle, <\/span>\u2014<\/span> si <\/span>l’on<\/span> renonce<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> l’exercice<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> pens\u00e9e<\/span> rationnelle,<\/span> c’est-\u00e0-dire<\/span> d’une<\/span> pens\u00e9e<\/span> qui<\/span> tient<\/span> compte<\/span> de<\/span> la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 objective et de<\/span> l’exp\u00e9rience.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

J’ai<\/span> voulu<\/span> vous<\/span> montrer<\/span> dans<\/span> cette<\/span> causerie,<\/span> que<\/span> les<\/span> probl\u00e8mes<\/span> philosophiques<\/span> existent,<\/span> ind\u00e9pendamment <\/span>de notre volont\u00e9, bonne ou mauvaise ; qu’ils s’imposent \u00e0 l’intelligence<\/span> humaine, \u00e0 partir de l’exp\u00e9rience scientifiquement explor\u00e9e, et qu’ils sont susceptibles d’\u00eatre analys\u00e9s, par<\/span> la simple<\/span> analyse<\/span> rationnelle,<\/span> sans<\/span> aller<\/span> chercher<\/span> des<\/span> pouvoirs<\/span> mythiques<\/span> ou<\/span> magiques.<\/span> Il<\/span> suffit d’\u00e9tudier attentivement ce que nous savons du r\u00e9el et de raisonner correctement. La<\/span> philosophie, ce<\/span> n’est<\/span> rien<\/span> d’autre<\/span> que<\/span> cela<\/span> :<\/span> raisonner<\/span> correctement<\/span> sur<\/span> ce<\/span> qui<\/span> est.<\/span> Elle<\/span> implique<\/span> ce<\/span> que<\/span> les psychiatres<\/span> du<\/span> d\u00e9but<\/span> de<\/span> ce<\/span> si\u00e8cle<\/span> ont<\/span> appel\u00e9<\/span> l’attention<\/span> au<\/span> r\u00e9el.<\/span> Elle<\/span> implique<\/span> aussi,<\/span> comme<\/span> le disait Bergson, que le philosophe reste \u00e9colier durant sa vie enti\u00e8re. Le philosophe est<\/span> le technicien<\/span> qui<\/span> analyse<\/span> des<\/span> probl\u00e8mes<\/span> rationnels<\/span> qui<\/span> s’imposent<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> partir<\/span> de<\/span> l’exp\u00e9rience.<\/span> Il<\/span> faut qu’il connaisse cette exp\u00e9rience. Il re\u00e7oit des informations qui lui viennent de tous les chercheurs,<\/span> de tous les savants du monde, et il s’efforce d’analyser correctement les probl\u00e8mes qui se<\/span> posent. C’est<\/span> en<\/span> somme<\/span> un<\/span> th\u00e9oricien.<\/span> Einstein,<\/span> avec<\/span> son<\/span> petit<\/span> crayon,<\/span> n’a<\/span> peut<\/span> \u00eatre<\/span> jamais<\/span> mis<\/span> le<\/span> nez derri\u00e8re<\/span> le<\/span> t\u00e9lescope<\/span> du<\/span> mont<\/span> Palomar,<\/span> cela<\/span> ne<\/span> l’a<\/span> pas<\/span> emp\u00each\u00e9<\/span> de<\/span> tenter<\/span> une<\/span> cosmologie.<\/span> Le m\u00e9taphysicien<\/span> est<\/span> un<\/span> th\u00e9oricien<\/span> qui<\/span> traite<\/span> de<\/span> certains<\/span> probl\u00e8mes,<\/span> que<\/span> je<\/span> vous<\/span> ai<\/span> indiqu\u00e9s.<\/span> Il<\/span> a besoin,<\/span> tout<\/span> comme<\/span> Albert<\/span> Einstein<\/span> et<\/span> Louis<\/span> de<\/span> Broglie,<\/span> de<\/span> recevoir<\/span> les<\/span> informations<\/span> qui<\/span> lui viennent<\/span> des<\/span> hommes<\/span> de<\/span> science,<\/span> des<\/span> hommes<\/span> de<\/span> laboratoire,<\/span> des<\/span> hommes<\/span> qui<\/span> pratiquent<\/span> la m\u00e9thode<\/span> exp\u00e9rimentale.<\/span> Il<\/span> sait<\/span> qu’aucune<\/span> th\u00e9orie<\/span> n’est<\/span> valable<\/span> si<\/span> elle<\/span> n’est<\/span> justifi\u00e9e<\/span> par l’exp\u00e9rience. Les probl\u00e8mes authentiquement m\u00e9taphysiques qui se posent \u00e0 partir<\/span> de l’astrophysique,<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> physique,<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> biologie,<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> neuropsychologie,<\/span> ces<\/span> probl\u00e8mes m\u00e9taphysiques<\/span> qui<\/span> s’imposent<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> l’intelligence<\/span> humaine<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> partir<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/span> objective,<\/span> de<\/span> plus<\/span> en<\/span> plus nombreux sont les savants qui les aper\u00e7oivent fort bien. Mais le plus souvent ils renoncent<\/span> \u00e0 les<\/span> traiter<\/span> parce<\/span> que<\/span> leurs<\/span> coll\u00e8gues<\/span> qui<\/span> passent<\/span> pour<\/span> philosophes<\/span> renoncent<\/span> eux-m\u00eames<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> les traiter.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le<\/span> paradoxe<\/span> c’est<\/span> que<\/span> ceux<\/span> qui<\/span> passent<\/span> pour<\/span> philosophes<\/span> aujourd’hui,<\/span> dans<\/span> leur<\/span> majorit\u00e9,<\/span> n’aper\u00e7oivent<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> pas<\/span> ces<\/span> probl\u00e8mes<\/span> m\u00e9taphysiques<\/span> que<\/span> les<\/span> savants<\/span> d\u00e9couvrent<\/span> chaque<\/span> jour davantage.<\/span> Pourquoi<\/span> ne<\/span> les<\/span> aper\u00e7oivent-ils<\/span> pas?<\/span> Tout<\/span> simplement<\/span> parce<\/span> qu’ils<\/span> ne<\/span> se<\/span> sont<\/span> pas<\/span> tourn\u00e9s du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la cosmologie, du c\u00f4t\u00e9 des sciences de l’Univers et de la Nature.<\/span> Non seulement ils ne se sont pas tourn\u00e9s vers la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 objective que les sciences exp\u00e9rimentales<\/span> nous d\u00e9couvrent mais ils s’en sont<\/span> d\u00e9tourn\u00e9s.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’histoire<\/span> ult\u00e9rieure<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> philosophie<\/span> notera<\/span> sans<\/span> doute<\/span> le<\/span> fait<\/span> qu’au<\/span> XX<\/span>e<\/span><\/span><\/sup> si\u00e8cle<\/span> les<\/span> esprits qui ont eu le sens des probl\u00e8mes m\u00e9taphysiques \u00e9taient des<\/span> scientifiques.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’espoir<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> philosophie,<\/span> pour<\/span> demain,<\/span> c’est<\/span> que<\/span> des<\/span> savants<\/span> comme<\/span> vous<\/span> se<\/span> mettent<\/span> \u00e0 analyser<\/span> les<\/span> probl\u00e8mes<\/span> philosophiques<\/span> qui<\/span> se<\/span> posent<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> partir<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/span> objective<\/span> que<\/span> vous connaissez par les sciences que vous<\/span> pratiquez.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ce<\/span> n’est<\/span> pas<\/span> tellement<\/span> difficile.<\/span> La<\/span> philosophie<\/span> telle<\/span> que<\/span> nous<\/span> l’entendons<\/span> ne<\/span> demande<\/span> ni g\u00e9nie, ni pouvoirs surnaturels, ni connaissances mystiques. Elle est simplement l’analyse<\/span> logique, jusqu’au bout, de ce qui est donn\u00e9 dans notre exp\u00e9rience. Elle demande que l’on s’instruise<\/span> jusqu’\u00e0 son dernier jour aupr\u00e8s du R\u00e9el que les sciences exp\u00e9rimentales nous d\u00e9couvrent et elle exige<\/span> que<\/span> l’on<\/span> apprenne<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> raisonner<\/span> correctement.<\/span> Elle<\/span> exige<\/span> aussi<\/span> que<\/span> l’on<\/span> soit<\/span> libre<\/span> en<\/span> pr\u00e9sence<\/span> de<\/span> la r\u00e9alit\u00e9,<\/span> que<\/span> l’on<\/span> ne<\/span> pr\u00e9tende<\/span> pas<\/span> imposer<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/span> des<\/span> vues<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> priori,<\/span> des<\/span> philosophies<\/span> toutes faites,<\/span> des<\/span> pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/span> arbitraires.<\/span> Elle<\/span> implique<\/span> que<\/span> l’on<\/span> \u00e9coute<\/span> le<\/span> R\u00e9el<\/span> et<\/span> que<\/span> l’on<\/span> s’efforce d’entendre, modestement, ce qu’il a \u00e0 nous dire. La modestie est peut-\u00eatre la vertu<\/span> morale principale du philosophe.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ajaccio, juillet<\/span> 1977<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Conf\u00e9rence donn\u00e9e au Centre d’\u00c9tudes et de Recherches Nucl\u00e9aires, Gen\u00e8ve, le 19 octobre 1977. Comme vous le savez, dans l’histoire de la pens\u00e9e humaine, pour autant qu’elle nous est connue, on distingue plusieurs d\u00e9marches fondamentales, plusieurs points de d\u00e9part pour l’analyse et le traitement des probl\u00e8mes philosophiques. 1. Un premier point de d\u00e9part est celui […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":17574,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1419],"tags":[1420,223,937,298,402,100],"class_list":["post-17587","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tresmontant-claude","tag-atheisme","tag-biologie","tag-cosmologie","tag-materialisme","tag-philosophie","tag-physique"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLes sciences exp\u00e9rimentales et le point de d\u00e9part de l'analyse philosophique par Claude Tresmontant - 3e mill\u00e9naire - Spiritualit\u00e9 - Connaissance de soi - Non-dualit\u00e9 - M\u00e9ditation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revue3emillenaire.com\/blog\/sciences-experimentales-point-de-depart-de-lanalyse-philosophique-claude-tresmontant\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Les sciences exp\u00e9rimentales et le point de d\u00e9part de l'analyse philosophique par Claude Tresmontant - 3e mill\u00e9naire - Spiritualit\u00e9 - Connaissance de soi - Non-dualit\u00e9 - M\u00e9ditation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Conf\u00e9rence donn\u00e9e au Centre d’\u00c9tudes et de Recherches Nucl\u00e9aires, Gen\u00e8ve, le 19 octobre 1977. Comme vous le savez, dans l’histoire de la pens\u00e9e humaine, pour autant qu’elle nous est connue, on distingue plusieurs d\u00e9marches fondamentales, plusieurs points de d\u00e9part pour l’analyse et le traitement des probl\u00e8mes philosophiques. 1. 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