{"id":17705,"date":"2018-02-18T15:09:43","date_gmt":"2018-02-18T14:09:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.revue3emillenaire.com\/blog\/?p=17705"},"modified":"2018-02-18T15:09:43","modified_gmt":"2018-02-18T14:09:43","slug":"langues-de-nature-claude-tresmontant","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revue3emillenaire.com\/blog\/langues-de-nature-claude-tresmontant\/","title":{"rendered":"Les langues de la nature par Claude Tresmontant"},"content":{"rendered":"

La physique moderne a connu une r\u00e9volution dans les premi\u00e8res <\/span>ann\u00e9es <\/span>du <\/span>XX<\/span>e <\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle,<\/span> avec<\/span> Max<\/span> Planck,<\/span> Albert<\/span> Einstein,<\/span> puis<\/span> Louis<\/span> de<\/span> Broglie,<\/span> Werner<\/span> Heisenberg<\/span> et<\/span> bien<\/span> d’autres.<\/span> Ce<\/span> qui<\/span> a<\/span> \u00e9t\u00e9<\/span> acquis<\/span> par<\/span> cette<\/span> r\u00e9volution,<\/span> c’est<\/span> que<\/span> la<\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span> n’est<\/span> pas<\/span> ce<\/span> qu’avaient<\/span> imagin\u00e9<\/span> les<\/span> anciens<\/span> philosophes grecs <\/span>: un <\/span>ensemble <\/span>de <\/span>choses <\/span>sans <\/span>histoire, inengendr\u00e9es, <\/span>inusables, imp\u00e9rissables,<\/span> \u00e9chappant <\/span>\u00e0 la gen\u00e8se et \u00e0 la corruption, en somme la solidit\u00e9 m\u00eame. Par les d\u00e9couvertes de<\/span> la physique du XX<\/span>e <\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle, la mati\u00e8re se d\u00e9couvre \u00eatre de m\u00eame nature que l’\u00e9nergie. <\/span>Une <\/span>conversion<\/span> r\u00e9ciproque<\/span> est<\/span> possible<\/span> entre<\/span> la<\/span> lumi\u00e8re<\/span> et<\/span> la<\/span> mati\u00e8re.<\/span> Sur<\/span> ce<\/span> point,<\/span> relisez<\/span> les<\/span> admirables<\/span> livres<\/span> de<\/span> Louis<\/span> de<\/span> Broglie.<\/span> De<\/span> plus,<\/span> la<\/span> physique<\/span> d\u00e9couvrait<\/span> qu’il<\/span> existe<\/span> une<\/span> histoire,<\/span> une<\/span> gen\u00e8se<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> mati\u00e8re.<\/span> Au<\/span> cours<\/span> du<\/span> temps,<\/span> au<\/span> cours<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> dur\u00e9e<\/span> cosmique,<\/span> la<\/span> mati\u00e8re,<\/span> c’est-\u00e0-dire<\/span> les<\/span> grains<\/span> d’\u00e9nergie,<\/span> entrent<\/span> dans<\/span> des<\/span> compositions<\/span> de<\/span> plus<\/span> en<\/span> plus<\/span> complexes.<\/span> La<\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span> la<\/span> plus<\/span> ancienne<\/span> dans l’histoire de l’Univers est aussi la plus simple. La mati\u00e8re la plus r\u00e9cente est la plus<\/span> complexe,<\/span> la<\/span> plus<\/span> compos\u00e9e.<\/span> Les<\/span> noyaux<\/span> lourds<\/span> sont<\/span> des<\/span> noyaux<\/span> r\u00e9cents.<\/span> La<\/span> composition<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span> se<\/span> termine,<\/span> au<\/span> plan<\/span> physique,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> une<\/span> centaine<\/span> d’esp\u00e8ces<\/span> d’atomes.<\/span> La<\/span> composition<\/span> va<\/span> se<\/span> continuer,<\/span> mais<\/span> sur un autre plan, mol\u00e9culaire et<\/span> biochimique.<\/span><\/p>\n

Autour des ann\u00e9es 1927-1928, une autre grande r\u00e9volution \u00e9clate, en cosmologie cette<\/span> fois.<\/span> Nous<\/span> y<\/span> avons<\/span> consacr\u00e9<\/span> quelques<\/span> chroniques<\/span> l’an<\/span> dernier.<\/span> Les<\/span> astrophysiciens<\/span> d\u00e9couvrent<\/span> que<\/span> l’Univers<\/span> est<\/span> un<\/span> gaz<\/span> de<\/span> galaxies<\/span> en<\/span> expansion,<\/span> c’est-\u00e0-dire<\/span> un<\/span> gaz<\/span> dans<\/span> lequel<\/span> les<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> sont<\/span> des<\/span> galaxies,<\/span> et<\/span> ces<\/span> galaxies<\/span> se<\/span> fuient<\/span> les<\/span> unes<\/span> les<\/span> autres<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> une<\/span> vitesse<\/span> proportionnelle<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> leur<\/span> distance<\/span> mutuelle.<\/span> Imaginez<\/span> des<\/span> abeilles<\/span> qui<\/span> se<\/span> fuient<\/span> les<\/span> unes<\/span> les<\/span> autres,<\/span> qui<\/span> se<\/span> dispersent…<\/span> Plus<\/span> importante<\/span> sans<\/span> doute<\/span> que<\/span> cette<\/span> d\u00e9couverte<\/span> d’une<\/span> expansion<\/span> de<\/span> l’Univers,<\/span> est<\/span> celle<\/span> d’une <\/span> gen\u00e8se, <\/span> d’une<\/span> histoire<\/span> de<\/span> l’Univers<\/span> :<\/span> l’Univers<\/span> est<\/span> un<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> en<\/span> r\u00e9gime<\/span> de<\/span> formation<\/span> depuis<\/span> quelque<\/span> quinze<\/span> ou<\/span> vingt <\/span>milliards d’ann\u00e9es. <\/span>L’Univers est un syst\u00e8me en r\u00e9gime de <\/span> composition.<\/span><\/p>\n

Une<\/span> autre<\/span> science<\/span> a<\/span> bondi<\/span> en<\/span> avant<\/span> vers<\/span> le<\/span> milieu<\/span> du<\/span> XX<\/span>e<\/span><\/sup> si\u00e8cle,<\/span> c’est<\/span> la<\/span> science<\/span> des<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> complexes<\/span> qui<\/span> entrent<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> constitution<\/span> de<\/span> tous<\/span> les<\/span> organismes<\/span> vivants.<\/span> On<\/span> sait<\/span> aujourd’hui<\/span> que notre<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> solaire<\/span> a<\/span> quelque<\/span> cinq<\/span> milliards<\/span> d’ann\u00e9es,<\/span> la<\/span> Terre,<\/span> notre<\/span> triste<\/span> plan\u00e8te<\/span> \u2014<\/span> triste<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> cause<\/span> de<\/span> ses<\/span> habitants<\/span> \u2014,<\/span> un<\/span> peu<\/span> moins.<\/span> Les<\/span> premiers<\/span> \u00eatres<\/span> vivants<\/span> sont<\/span> apparus<\/span> sur<\/span> la<\/span> Terre<\/span> il<\/span> y<\/span> a<\/span> trois<\/span> milliards<\/span> d’ann\u00e9es<\/span> et<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> encore<\/span> un<\/span> peu<\/span> plus.<\/span> Il<\/span> fallait<\/span> attendre<\/span> un<\/span> peu,<\/span> pour<\/span> que<\/span> la<\/span> Terre<\/span> soit<\/span> pr\u00eate <\/span>physiquement <\/span>\u00e0 recevoir ses<\/span> h\u00f4tes…<\/span><\/p>\n

La<\/span> biochimie<\/span> est<\/span> une<\/span> science<\/span> jeune<\/span> qui<\/span> \u00e9tudie<\/span> les<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> qui<\/span> constituent<\/span> ces<\/span> \u00eatres<\/span> vivants.<\/span> La<\/span> composition<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span> ne<\/span> s’est<\/span> pas<\/span> termin\u00e9e<\/span> avec<\/span> la<\/span> gen\u00e8se<\/span> d’une<\/span> centaine<\/span> de<\/span> noyaux<\/span> de<\/span> plus<\/span> en plus <\/span>complexes. <\/span>Elle s’est continu\u00e9e, mais sur un autre registre ; la composition des<\/span> atomes<\/span> entre eux. Les atomes, entre eux, constituent des figures, des structures, des formes complexes :<\/span> ce<\/span> sont<\/span> des<\/span> mol\u00e9cules.<\/span> Ces<\/span> mol\u00e9cules,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> leur<\/span> tour,<\/span> se<\/span> composent<\/span> entre<\/span> elles<\/span> pour<\/span> constituer<\/span> des<\/span> symphonies de <\/span>mol\u00e9cules <\/span> g\u00e9antes. <\/span>Et ces <\/span>mol\u00e9cules g\u00e9antes, <\/span>\u00e0 leur <\/span>tour entrent dans <\/span> des <\/span>compositions encore plus complexes. Ainsi l’Univers tout entier se pr\u00e9sente-t-il \u00e0 nos<\/span> yeux<\/span> aujourd’hui,<\/span> en<\/span> cette<\/span> fin<\/span> du<\/span> XX<\/span>e<\/span><\/sup> si\u00e8cle,<\/span> comme<\/span> une<\/span> composition<\/span> continu\u00e9e,<\/span> de<\/span> plus<\/span> en<\/span> plus<\/span> compliqu\u00e9e, <\/span>et nul ne <\/span>sait <\/span>jusqu’o\u00f9 ira cette<\/span> composition.<\/span><\/p>\n

Parmi<\/span> les<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> qui<\/span> entrent<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> constitution<\/span> de<\/span> tous<\/span> les<\/span> \u00eatres<\/span> vivants,<\/span> l’\u00e9colier<\/span> de<\/span> l’\u00e9cole,<\/span> communale<\/span> sait<\/span> qu’il<\/span> faut<\/span> distinguer<\/span> les<\/span> sucres,<\/span> en<\/span> langage<\/span> plus<\/span> savant<\/span> :<\/span> \u2014<\/span> les<\/span> glucides<\/span> ;<\/span> \u2014<\/span> les<\/span> acides<\/span> gras<\/span> et<\/span> les<\/span> lipides<\/span> ;<\/span> \u2014<\/span> les<\/span> acides<\/span> amin\u00e9s,<\/span> qui<\/span> sont<\/span> les<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> qui<\/span> entrent<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> composition<\/span> des<\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span> ;<\/span> \u2014<\/span> les<\/span> acides<\/span> nucl\u00e9iques<\/span> ainsi<\/span> appel\u00e9s<\/span> parce<\/span> qu’ils<\/span> se<\/span> trouvent<\/span> d’abord<\/span> dans<\/span> le<\/span> noyau<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> cellule.<\/span> Il<\/span> faut<\/span> mentionner<\/span> enfin<\/span> des<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> qui<\/span> ne<\/span> furent<\/span> d\u00e9couvertes<\/span> que relativement<\/span> tard<\/span> et<\/span> qui<\/span> exercent<\/span> une<\/span> fonction<\/span> capitale<\/span> dans<\/span> l’\u00e9conomie<\/span> des<\/span> \u00eatres<\/span> vivants<\/span> :<\/span> les<\/span> vitamines.<\/span><\/p>\n

Parmi<\/span> les<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span> qui<\/span> entrent<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> composition<\/span> du<\/span> vivant,<\/span> nous<\/span> distinguons<\/span> celles<\/span> qui<\/span> contiennent<\/span> un<\/span> message,<\/span> qui<\/span> sont<\/span> un<\/span> message,<\/span> et<\/span> celles,<\/span> comme<\/span> les<\/span> graisses<\/span> ou<\/span> les<\/span> sucres,<\/span> qui<\/span> ne<\/span> sont<\/span> pas<\/span> messag\u00e8res.<\/span> Elles<\/span> sont<\/span> cependant<\/span> inform\u00e9es,<\/span> bien<\/span> entendu,<\/span> car<\/span> toutes<\/span> les<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> nature<\/span> sont<\/span> de<\/span> l’information.<\/span> Il<\/span> faut<\/span> et<\/span> il<\/span> suffit<\/span> d’ouvrir<\/span> un<\/span> bon<\/span> trait\u00e9<\/span> de<\/span> biochimie<\/span> \u2014<\/span> nous<\/span> en<\/span> indiquerons<\/span> deux<\/span> tout<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> l’heure<\/span> \u2014,<\/span> pour<\/span> d\u00e9couvrir<\/span> l’extraordinaire<\/span> complexit\u00e9<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> structure<\/span> de<\/span> certains<\/span> sucres<\/span> et<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> partir<\/span> de<\/span> ce<\/span> moment-l\u00e0<\/span> on<\/span> prend<\/span> avec<\/span> respect<\/span> entre<\/span> ses<\/span> mains<\/span> ce<\/span> brin<\/span> d’herbe<\/span> qui<\/span> est<\/span> capable<\/span> de<\/span> faire<\/span> en<\/span> silence<\/span> ce<\/span> que<\/span> tous<\/span> les<\/span> laboratoires<\/span> et<\/span> tous<\/span> nos<\/span> savants<\/span> avec<\/span> toute<\/span> leur<\/span> intelligence<\/span> ne<\/span> sont<\/span> pas<\/span> capables<\/span> de<\/span> faire<\/span> :<\/span> la<\/span> composition<\/span> de<\/span> ces<\/span> sucres<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> partir<\/span> d’eau,<\/span> de<\/span> gaz<\/span> carbonique,<\/span> en<\/span> utilisant<\/span> comme<\/span> source<\/span> d’\u00e9nergie<\/span> ces<\/span> photons<\/span> qui<\/span> proviennent<\/span> du<\/span> Soleil,<\/span> ces<\/span> pilotons<\/span> qui<\/span> sont<\/span> l’\u00e9nergie<\/span> dissip\u00e9e<\/span> par<\/span> le<\/span> Soleil<\/span> qui<\/span> transforme,<\/span> depuis<\/span> plus<\/span> de<\/span> cinq<\/span> milliards<\/span> d’ann\u00e9es,<\/span> son<\/span> hydrog\u00e8ne<\/span> en<\/span> h\u00e9lium.<\/span> C’est<\/span> parce<\/span> que<\/span> le<\/span> Soleil<\/span> s’use<\/span> et<\/span> vieillit<\/span> que<\/span> les<\/span> plantes<\/span> vertes,<\/span> sur<\/span> notre<\/span> plan\u00e8te,<\/span> peuvent<\/span> effectuer<\/span> la<\/span> composition<\/span> de<\/span> ces<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> complexes<\/span> qui<\/span> vont<\/span> servir<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> tous<\/span> les<\/span> autres<\/span> \u00eatres<\/span> vivants,<\/span> qui<\/span> ne<\/span> sont<\/span> pas<\/span> capables<\/span> d’en<\/span> faire<\/span> la<\/span> synth\u00e8se,<\/span> avec<\/span> laboratoires<\/span> ou<\/span> sans<\/span> laboratoire.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mais<\/span> parmi<\/span> les<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> fondamentales<\/span> qui<\/span> constituent<\/span> les<\/span> \u00eatres<\/span> vivants,<\/span> il<\/span> en<\/span> existe<\/span> deux<\/span> cat\u00e9gories <\/span>qui <\/span>sont <\/span>des <\/span>messages <\/span>qui <\/span>contiennent <\/span>de <\/span>l’information. <\/span>Dans le noyau de la cellule,<\/span> principalement,<\/span> mais<\/span> non<\/span> pas<\/span> exclusivement,<\/span> se<\/span> trouvent<\/span> ces<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span> qui<\/span> sont<\/span> comme<\/span> deux<\/span> fibres<\/span> enroul\u00e9es<\/span> l’une<\/span> autour<\/span> de<\/span> l’autre<\/span> en<\/span> double<\/span> h\u00e9lice,<\/span> et<\/span> qui<\/span> contiennent<\/span> toutes<\/span> les<\/span> instructions<\/span> requises<\/span> pour<\/span> commander<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> construction<\/span> du<\/span> vivant,<\/span> depuis<\/span> le<\/span> plus<\/span> simple<\/span> jusqu’au<\/span> plus<\/span> complexe.<\/span> Lorsqu’il<\/span> s’agit<\/span> d’un<\/span> \u00eatre<\/span> relativement<\/span> simple,<\/span> un<\/span> virus,<\/span> une<\/span> bact\u00e9rie<\/span> comme<\/span> celles<\/span> qui<\/span> peuplent<\/span> nos<\/span> intestins<\/span> (les<\/span> colibacilles),<\/span> le<\/span> message<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span> a<\/span> une<\/span> certaine<\/span> taille,<\/span> d\u00e9j\u00e0<\/span> fort<\/span> respectable<\/span> chez<\/span> les<\/span> bact\u00e9ries.<\/span> Lorsqu’il<\/span> s’agit<\/span> d’\u00eatres<\/span> plus<\/span> complexes,<\/span> comme<\/span> par <\/span>exemple<\/span> les<\/span> mammif\u00e8res,<\/span> le<\/span> message<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span> est<\/span> une<\/span> biblioth\u00e8que<\/span> qui<\/span> contient,<\/span> si<\/span> l’on<\/span> peut<\/span> dire,<\/span> des<\/span> millions<\/span> de<\/span> livres,<\/span> dans<\/span> un<\/span> format<\/span> que<\/span> l’on<\/span> ne<\/span> peut<\/span> pas<\/span> dire<\/span> microscopique<\/span> puisqu’il<\/span> se<\/span> situe<\/span> en<\/span> dessous<\/span> du<\/span> niveau accessible \u00e0 nos microscopes. C’est le niveau <\/span> mol\u00e9culaire.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ces <\/span>mol\u00e9cules g\u00e9antes <\/span>sur <\/span>lesquelles <\/span>sont <\/span>inscrites toutes <\/span>les informations <\/span>requises<\/span> pour<\/span> commander<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> construction<\/span> du<\/span> vivant,<\/span> depuis<\/span> le<\/span> plus<\/span> simple<\/span> jusqu’au<\/span> plus<\/span> complexe,<\/span> sont<\/span> \u00e9crites<\/span> dans<\/span> une<\/span> langue<\/span> qui<\/span> a<\/span> \u00e9t\u00e9<\/span> d\u00e9couverte<\/span> il<\/span> y<\/span> a<\/span> maintenant<\/span> une<\/span> vingtaine<\/span> d’ann\u00e9es.<\/span> Tout<\/span> le<\/span> monde<\/span> conna\u00eet<\/span> le<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> Morse<\/span> :<\/span> c’est<\/span> un<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> dans<\/span> lequel<\/span> on<\/span> s’exprime<\/span> et<\/span> gr\u00e2ce<\/span> auquel<\/span> on<\/span> peut<\/span> communiquer<\/span> des<\/span> messages<\/span> en<\/span> utilisant<\/span> des<\/span> traits<\/span> et<\/span> des<\/span> points,<\/span> en<\/span> somme<\/span> deux<\/span> types<\/span> de<\/span> signes.<\/span> Les<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span> qui<\/span> portent<\/span> l’information<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span> utilisent<\/span> quatre<\/span> mol\u00e9cules,<\/span> l’Ad\u00e9nine,<\/span> la<\/span> Guanine,<\/span> la<\/span> Thymine<\/span> et<\/span> la<\/span> Cytosine,<\/span> \u2014<\/span> en<\/span> abr\u00e9g\u00e9<\/span> :<\/span> A,<\/span> G,<\/span> T,<\/span> C<\/span> \u2014,<\/span> plus<\/span> une<\/span> autre,<\/span> dont<\/span> nous<\/span> reparlerons, et qui s’appelle l’Uracile, en abr\u00e9g\u00e9 :<\/span> U.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nous terminions notre derni\u00e8re chronique en rappelant que les mol\u00e9cules g\u00e9antes qui<\/span> portent<\/span> l’information<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique,<\/span> c’est-\u00e0-dire<\/span> l’information<\/span> requise<\/span> pour<\/span> commander<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> construction<\/span> des<\/span> \u00eatres vivants, sont \u00e9crites avec quatre mol\u00e9cules fondamentales, l’Ad\u00e9nine, la Guanine, <\/span> la<\/span> Thymine, et la Cytosine. Ces quatre mol\u00e9cules, qui sont comme quatre lettres d’un alphabet, A,<\/span> G,<\/span> T,<\/span> C,<\/span> se<\/span> lisent<\/span> trois<\/span> par<\/span> trois,<\/span> ou,<\/span> si<\/span> l’on<\/span> pr\u00e9f\u00e8re,<\/span> arrang\u00e9es<\/span> en<\/span> mots<\/span> constitu\u00e9s<\/span> de<\/span> trois<\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments,<\/span> ou<\/span> de <\/span>trois racines. <\/span>Ainsi <\/span>on <\/span>peut avoir <\/span>AAG, <\/span>GCC, CAG, etc. <\/span>Il <\/span>existe, <\/span>\u2014 il est <\/span>facile <\/span>de le calculer <\/span> \u2014,<\/span> soixante-quatre<\/span> combinaisons<\/span> possibles.<\/span> Par<\/span> cons\u00e9quent,<\/span> avec<\/span> ce<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> constitu\u00e9<\/span> de<\/span> quatre<\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments<\/span> qui<\/span> se<\/span> lisent<\/span> trois<\/span> par<\/span> trois,<\/span> il<\/span> existe<\/span> soixante-quatre<\/span> mots<\/span> possibles.<\/span> Ces<\/span> mots,<\/span> dans<\/span> le<\/span> langage <\/span>des savants, on <\/span>les <\/span>appelle <\/span>des <\/span>triplets ou des codons, <\/span>mais <\/span>peu nous importe<\/span> ici.<\/span><\/p>\n

Avec<\/span> ce<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> linguistique,<\/span> tous<\/span> les<\/span> \u00eatres<\/span> vivants<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> nature<\/span> sont<\/span> \u00e9crits,<\/span> depuis<\/span> les<\/span> micro-organismes monocellulaires, jusqu’\u00e0<\/span> l’Homme.<\/span><\/p>\n

Toutes <\/span>les <\/span>instructions <\/span>sont <\/span>\u00e9crites <\/span>dans <\/span>l’\u0153uf f\u00e9cond\u00e9 <\/span>avec <\/span>cette <\/span>langue, non <\/span>seulement<\/span> les<\/span> instructions,<\/span> ou<\/span> les<\/span> renseignements,<\/span> requis<\/span> pour<\/span> composer<\/span> un<\/span> enfant<\/span> vivant,<\/span> mais<\/span> aussi<\/span> les<\/span> instructions n\u00e9cessaires pour que l’enfant se d\u00e9veloppe jusqu’\u00e0 son \u00e2ge adulte ; et puis <\/span> ses<\/span> aptitudes,<\/span> son<\/span> go\u00fbt<\/span> pour<\/span> la<\/span> musique<\/span> par<\/span> exemple,<\/span> son<\/span> g\u00e9nie<\/span> math\u00e9matique,<\/span> ou<\/span> son<\/span> agressivit\u00e9<\/span> excessive, sa m\u00e9lancolie<\/span> incurable…<\/span><\/p>\n

Au <\/span>commencement <\/span>de <\/span>l’histoire <\/span>naturelle de la vie, il y a plus de trois <\/span>milliards d’ann\u00e9es,<\/span> nous<\/span> avons<\/span> donc<\/span> des<\/span> messages<\/span> relativement<\/span> simples<\/span> :<\/span> ceux<\/span> qui<\/span> suffisaient<\/span> pour<\/span> construire<\/span> l’\u00eatre<\/span> vivant<\/span> le<\/span> plus <\/span>simple <\/span>qui <\/span>puisse <\/span>se concevoir. Et puis, au cours de l’histoire naturelle ou <\/span> \u00e9volution<\/span> biologique, les messages augmentent en taille et en quantit\u00e9 d’information, <\/span>puisqu’ils<\/span> contiennent<\/span> des<\/span> plans<\/span> de<\/span> structure<\/span> pour<\/span> commander<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> construction<\/span> de<\/span> syst\u00e8mes<\/span> biologiques<\/span> qui<\/span> n’existaient<\/span> pas auparavant, par exemple le syst\u00e8me hormonal, ou le syst\u00e8me nerveux, ou<\/span> l’\u0153il.<\/span><\/p>\n

Avec <\/span>une <\/span>langue <\/span>quelconque, <\/span>vous <\/span>pouvez \u00e9crire des <\/span>messages <\/span>tr\u00e8s <\/span>simples, vous <\/span> pouvez<\/span> \u00e9crire<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> votre<\/span> petite<\/span> amie<\/span> ou<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> votre<\/span> maman,<\/span> vous<\/span> pouvez<\/span> aussi,<\/span> si<\/span> vous<\/span> en<\/span> avez<\/span> le<\/span> g\u00e9nie,<\/span> \u00e9crire<\/span> le<\/span> petit<\/span> trait\u00e9<\/span> qui<\/span> est<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> l’origine<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> Th\u00e9orie<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> Relativit\u00e9<\/span> restreinte<\/span> (1905)<\/span> ou<\/span> la<\/span> th\u00e8se<\/span> de<\/span> doctorat<\/span> de<\/span> Louis<\/span> de<\/span> Broglie<\/span> consacr\u00e9e<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> M\u00e9canique<\/span> ondulatoire<\/span> (1923).<\/span> Ainsi<\/span> la<\/span> Nature,<\/span> si<\/span> on<\/span> peut<\/span> l’appeler<\/span> ainsi, a \u00e9crit les messages des micro-organismes puis des organismes complexes et enfin<\/span> des<\/span> organismes <\/span>comme <\/span>les <\/span>n\u00f4tres, constitu\u00e9s <\/span>de <\/span>milliards <\/span>de <\/span>cellules <\/span>diff\u00e9renci\u00e9es <\/span>qui <\/span>travaillent <\/span>de<\/span> concert<\/span> (tant<\/span> que<\/span> nous<\/span> sommes<\/span> sur<\/span> la<\/span> Terre)<\/span> avec<\/span> une<\/span> seule<\/span> et<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> langue,<\/span> tr\u00e8s<\/span> simple<\/span> :<\/span> quatre<\/span> mol\u00e9cules arrang\u00e9es ou compos\u00e9es trois par<\/span> trois.<\/span><\/p>\n

Le<\/span> fait<\/span> que<\/span> tous<\/span> les<\/span> \u00eatres<\/span> vivants<\/span> soient<\/span> \u00e9crits<\/span> avec<\/span> une<\/span> seule<\/span> et<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> langue<\/span> constitue<\/span> bien<\/span> entendu<\/span> un<\/span> argument<\/span> tr\u00e8s<\/span> puissant<\/span> en<\/span> faveur<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> th\u00e9orie<\/span> de<\/span> l’\u00c9volution,<\/span> th\u00e9orie<\/span> scientifique<\/span> selon<\/span> laquelle<\/span> les<\/span> divers<\/span> groupes<\/span> zoologiques<\/span> se<\/span> rattachent<\/span> physiquement<\/span> les<\/span> uns<\/span> aux<\/span> autres,<\/span> ou<\/span> plus<\/span> exactement<\/span> comportent<\/span> une<\/span> parent\u00e9<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique,<\/span> tout<\/span> comme<\/span> des<\/span> langues<\/span> telles<\/span> que<\/span> l’espagnol,<\/span> l’italien,<\/span> le<\/span> portugais,<\/span> le<\/span> fran\u00e7ais,<\/span> le<\/span> roumain,<\/span> comportent<\/span> des<\/span> parent\u00e9s<\/span> parce<\/span> qu’elles<\/span> proc\u00e8dent<\/span> d’une souche commune, qui est le<\/span> latin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mais l’information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique qui est inscrite physiquement dans ces mol\u00e9cules g\u00e9antes<\/span> dont<\/span> nous<\/span> venons<\/span> de<\/span> parler,<\/span> cette<\/span> information<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span> reste,<\/span> si<\/span> l’on<\/span> peut<\/span> dire,<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> biblioth\u00e8que.<\/span> Elle est l’origine de l’information pour l’organisme. Et cependant cette information<\/span> est<\/span> communiqu\u00e9e<\/span> par<\/span> l’interm\u00e9diaire<\/span> d’autres<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span> qui<\/span> sont,<\/span> si<\/span> l’on<\/span> peut<\/span> dire,<\/span> recopi\u00e9es<\/span> sur<\/span> les<\/span> pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes.<\/span> En<\/span> tout<\/span> cas<\/span> ces<\/span> secondes<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span> re\u00e7oivent<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> Biblioth\u00e8que<\/span> fondamentale les renseignements, les informations, les instructions qui sont \u00e9crites dans<\/span> la<\/span> Biblioth\u00e8que<\/span> ;<\/span> et<\/span> elles<\/span> vont<\/span> porter<\/span> ces<\/span> renseignements<\/span> sur<\/span> des<\/span> appareils<\/span> que<\/span> l’on<\/span> appelle<\/span> des<\/span> ribosomes. Nous allons en reparler tout \u00e0 l’heure.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ces <\/span>mol\u00e9cules <\/span>secondes, qui <\/span>transportent l’information qu’elles <\/span>re\u00e7oivent des premi\u00e8res,<\/span> on<\/span> les<\/span> appelle<\/span> messag\u00e8res.<\/span> Elles<\/span> sont<\/span> aussi<\/span> \u00e9crites<\/span> dans<\/span> une<\/span> langue<\/span> constitu\u00e9e<\/span> de<\/span> quatre<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> qui<\/span> se<\/span> lisent<\/span> trois<\/span> par<\/span> trois,<\/span> mais<\/span> dans<\/span> ces<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span> messag\u00e8res<\/span> constitu\u00e9es<\/span> de<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> moins<\/span> complexes,<\/span> l’une<\/span> des<\/span> quatre<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> que<\/span> nous<\/span> avons<\/span> nomm\u00e9es<\/span> pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment,<\/span> la<\/span> Thymine (T) <\/span>est <\/span>remplac\u00e9e<\/span> par<\/span> l’Uracile<\/span> (U).<\/span> Les<\/span> messages<\/span> qui<\/span> parviennent<\/span> sur<\/span> ces<\/span> appareils<\/span> que<\/span> sont<\/span> les<\/span> ribosomes<\/span> s’\u00e9noncent<\/span> donc,<\/span> par<\/span> exemple\u00a0:<\/span> AAU,<\/span> ACU,<\/span> GCU,<\/span> UUU,<\/span> AAA,<\/span> etc.<\/span> Il<\/span> existe<\/span> encore,<\/span> comme<\/span> pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment,<\/span> soixante-quatre<\/span> combinaisons<\/span> possibles.<\/span> La<\/span> langue<\/span> des<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> messag\u00e8res<\/span> utilise<\/span> donc<\/span> quatre<\/span> lettres,<\/span> arrang\u00e9es<\/span> trois<\/span> par<\/span> trois,<\/span> ce<\/span> qui<\/span> donne<\/span> 64<\/span> mots<\/span> ou<\/span> termes.<\/span> Que<\/span> se<\/span> passe-t-il<\/span> sur ces appareils que sont les ribosomes<\/span> ?<\/span><\/p>\n

C’est <\/span>l\u00e0 <\/span>que <\/span>sont form\u00e9es <\/span>ces <\/span>mol\u00e9cules g\u00e9antes <\/span>que <\/span>l’on appelle depuis <\/span>longtemps les<\/span> prot\u00e9ines.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ces<\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span> sont<\/span> constitu\u00e9es,<\/span> form\u00e9es,<\/span> de<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> plus<\/span> simples,<\/span> que<\/span> l’on<\/span> conna\u00eet<\/span> depuis longtemps<\/span> aussi<\/span> et<\/span> qu’en<\/span> langue<\/span> fran\u00e7aise<\/span> on<\/span> appelait<\/span> les<\/span> acides<\/span> amin\u00e9s.<\/span> Les<\/span> Anglais<\/span> et<\/span> les<\/span> Am\u00e9ricains<\/span> pr\u00e9f\u00e8rent<\/span> dire<\/span> :<\/span> les<\/span> aminoacides.<\/span> L\u00e0<\/span> encore,<\/span> il<\/span> faut<\/span> regarder<\/span> les<\/span> figures<\/span> d’un<\/span> trait\u00e9<\/span> de<\/span> biochimie <\/span>pour <\/span>r\u00e9aliser <\/span>la <\/span>complexit\u00e9 d’une <\/span>de ces <\/span>mol\u00e9cules <\/span>que sont ces acides amin\u00e9s<\/span> ou<\/span> aminoacides.<\/span><\/p>\n

Or,<\/span> ce<\/span> qu’il<\/span> faut<\/span> savoir<\/span> \u2014<\/span> \u00f4<\/span> mieux<\/span> aim\u00e9e<\/span> \u2014<\/span> c’est<\/span> que<\/span> toutes<\/span> les<\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span> connues<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> nature<\/span> sont<\/span> \u00e9crites<\/span> avec<\/span> vingt<\/span> acides<\/span> amin\u00e9s.<\/span> Depuis<\/span> les<\/span> vivants<\/span> les<\/span> plus<\/span> simples<\/span> jusqu’\u00e0<\/span> l’Homme,<\/span> on<\/span> constate<\/span> que<\/span> toutes<\/span> les<\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span> sont<\/span> constitu\u00e9es<\/span> d’acides<\/span> amin\u00e9s,<\/span> arrang\u00e9s<\/span> diversement<\/span> les<\/span> uns<\/span> avec<\/span> les<\/span> autres,<\/span> mais<\/span> qu’il<\/span> n’existe<\/span> que vingt<\/span> acides<\/span> amin\u00e9s<\/span> qui<\/span> interviennent<\/span> dans<\/span> ces<\/span> compositions.<\/span> Il<\/span> existe<\/span> d’autres<\/span> acides<\/span> amin\u00e9s,<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> l’\u00e9tat<\/span> libre,<\/span> mais<\/span> ils<\/span> n’entrent<\/span> pas<\/span> dans<\/span> ces<\/span> compositions<\/span> que<\/span> sont<\/span> les<\/span> prot\u00e9ines.<\/span><\/p>\n

Il<\/span> existe<\/span> quantit\u00e9s<\/span> d’esp\u00e8ces<\/span> diff\u00e9rentes<\/span> de<\/span> prot\u00e9ines.<\/span> Par<\/span> exemple,<\/span> le<\/span> colibacille<\/span> qui<\/span> peuple<\/span> nos<\/span> intestins<\/span> et<\/span> qui<\/span> s’appelle<\/span> plus<\/span> noblement,<\/span> dans<\/span> les<\/span> Trait\u00e9s,<\/span> Escherichia<\/i><\/span> <\/i>coli,<\/i><\/span> <\/i>mobilise<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> lui<\/span> tout<\/span> seul<\/span> quelque<\/span> trois<\/span> mille<\/span> esp\u00e8ces<\/span> diff\u00e9rentes<\/span> de<\/span> prot\u00e9ines.<\/span> Dans<\/span> un<\/span> organisme<\/span> humain,<\/span> il<\/span> y<\/span> a<\/span> environ<\/span> cent<\/span> mille<\/span> esp\u00e8ces<\/span> diff\u00e9rentes<\/span> de<\/span> prot\u00e9ines.<\/span> Chaque<\/span> esp\u00e8ce<\/span> vivante<\/span> a<\/span> ses<\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span> sp\u00e9cifiques,<\/span> qui<\/span> lui<\/span> sont<\/span> propres,<\/span> et<\/span> que<\/span> les<\/span> individus<\/span> appartenant<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> une<\/span> autre<\/span> esp\u00e8ce<\/span> ne<\/span> supportent<\/span> pas.<\/span> Il<\/span> existe<\/span> donc<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> nature<\/span> actuellement<\/span> des<\/span> millions<\/span> d’esp\u00e8ces<\/span> de<\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span> diff\u00e9rentes.<\/span> Toutes<\/span> ces<\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span> sont<\/span> \u00e9crites,<\/span> sagement,<\/span> avec<\/span> vingt<\/span> mots,<\/span> c’est-\u00e0-dire<\/span> avec<\/span> vingt<\/span> acides<\/span> amin\u00e9s,<\/span> arrang\u00e9s<\/span> dans<\/span> un<\/span> certain <\/span>ordre. <\/span>Ou bien, si vous <\/span>pr\u00e9f\u00e9rez <\/span>une autre comparaison, avec vingt lettres. Les <\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span> sont \u00e9crites en utilisant un alphabet comportant vingt lettres, les vingt acides amin\u00e9s<\/span> utilis\u00e9s.<\/span><\/p>\n

*<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tout<\/span> enfant<\/span> qui<\/span> sort<\/span> de<\/span> l’\u00e9cole<\/span> communale<\/span> vous<\/span> expliquera,<\/span> au<\/span> cas<\/span> o\u00f9<\/span> vous<\/span> l’auriez<\/span> oubli\u00e9,<\/span> qu’il<\/span> existe<\/span> des<\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span> diverses<\/span> pour<\/span> des<\/span> fonctions<\/span> diff\u00e9rentes.<\/span> Par<\/span> exemple,<\/span> il<\/span> existe<\/span> des<\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span> que<\/span> l’on<\/span> appelle<\/span> des<\/span> enzymes,<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> qui<\/span> exercent<\/span> une <\/span>fonction<\/span> capitale<\/span> dans<\/span> les<\/span> multiples<\/span> r\u00e9actions<\/span> chimiques<\/span> qui<\/span> s’effectuent<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> l’int\u00e9rieur<\/span> de<\/span> chaque<\/span> cellule.<\/span> Nous<\/span> connaissons<\/span> en<\/span> ce<\/span> moment<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> peu<\/span> pr\u00e8s<\/span> deux<\/span> mille<\/span> enzymes<\/span> diff\u00e9rentes.<\/span> Mais<\/span> il<\/span> existe<\/span> aussi<\/span> des<\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span> comme<\/span> celle<\/span> du<\/span> blanc<\/span> d’\u0153uf,<\/span> ou<\/span> du<\/span> lait,<\/span> ou<\/span> du<\/span> grain de<\/span> bl\u00e9,<\/span> des<\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span> de<\/span> transport,<\/span> comme<\/span> l’h\u00e9moglobine,<\/span> des<\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span> qui<\/span> se<\/span> contractent<\/span> et<\/span> qui<\/span> constituent<\/span> nos<\/span> muscles.<\/span> Les<\/span> cils<\/span> aussi<\/span> sont<\/span> faits<\/span> de<\/span> prot\u00e9ines.<\/span> Les <\/span>hormones sont des <\/span>prot\u00e9ines. <\/span>Et il en existe encore bien<\/span> d’autres…<\/span><\/p>\n

Eh<\/span> bien,<\/span> la<\/span> mol\u00e9cule<\/span> messag\u00e8re<\/span> qui<\/span> parvient<\/span> sur<\/span> cet<\/span> appareil<\/span> dont<\/span> nous<\/span> avons<\/span> parl\u00e9<\/span> dans<\/span> nos<\/span> chroniques<\/span> pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes<\/span> et<\/span> qui<\/span> s’appelle<\/span> le<\/span> ribosome,<\/span> cette<\/span> mol\u00e9cule<\/span> messag\u00e8re<\/span> contient<\/span> en<\/span> elle-<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> les<\/span> informations,<\/span> qu’elle<\/span> a<\/span> re\u00e7ues<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> mol\u00e9cule-biblioth\u00e8que,<\/span> et<\/span> qui<\/span> d\u00e9cident<\/span> quel<\/span> acide<\/span> amin\u00e9<\/span> va<\/span> \u00eatre<\/span> associ\u00e9<\/span> ou<\/span> compos\u00e9<\/span> avec<\/span> tel<\/span> autre<\/span> acide<\/span> amin\u00e9<\/span> dans<\/span> cette<\/span> cha\u00eene<\/span> qui<\/span> peut<\/span> comporter<\/span> des<\/span> centaines<\/span> d’acides<\/span> amin\u00e9s<\/span> appartenant<\/span> (ne<\/span> l’oublie<\/span> pas,<\/span> \u00f4<\/span> mieux<\/span> aim\u00e9<\/span> !)<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> vingt<\/span> types<\/span> diff\u00e9rents.<\/span> C’est<\/span> la<\/span> mol\u00e9cule<\/span> messag\u00e8re<\/span> qui<\/span> parvient<\/span> sur<\/span> le<\/span> ribosome<\/span> qui<\/span> compose,<\/span> qui<\/span> \u00e9crit,<\/span> les<\/span> prot\u00e9ines,<\/span> en<\/span> utilisant<\/span> un<\/span> alphabet<\/span> constitu\u00e9<\/span> de<\/span> vingt<\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments,<\/span> ou<\/span> vingt<\/span> lettres.<\/span> Elle<\/span> \u00e9crit<\/span> la<\/span> structure,<\/span> la<\/span> nature<\/span> et<\/span> donc la <\/span>fonction <\/span>de la prot\u00e9ine qui doit \u00eatre <\/span>compos\u00e9e. <\/span>Elle \u00e9crit un <\/span>message, <\/span>s’il <\/span>s’agit<\/span> d’une<\/span> hormone. <\/span>Elle \u00e9crit un texte chimique, qui va avoir une fonction, inscrit dans ce <\/span> texte.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mais,<\/span> \u00f4<\/span> mieux<\/span> aim\u00e9e,<\/span> tu<\/span> remarques<\/span> aussit\u00f4t<\/span> que<\/span> la<\/span> langue<\/span> des<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> messag\u00e8res<\/span> est<\/span> une<\/span> langue<\/span> \u00e9crite<\/span> avec<\/span> quatre<\/span> termes,<\/span> ou<\/span> quatre<\/span> lettres<\/span> :<\/span> A,<\/span> G,<\/span> C,<\/span> U.<\/span> Or<\/span> la<\/span> langue<\/span> des<\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span> est<\/span> \u00e9crite<\/span> avec<\/span> vingt<\/span> lettres,<\/span> les<\/span> vingt<\/span> acides<\/span> amin\u00e9s.<\/span> Comment<\/span> donc<\/span> comprendre<\/span> qu’un<\/span> message,<\/span> une<\/span> instruction,<\/span> une<\/span> information<\/span> \u00e9crits<\/span> dans<\/span> une<\/span> langue<\/span> constitu\u00e9e<\/span> de<\/span> quatre<\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments<\/span> puissent<\/span> \u00eatre<\/span> communiqu\u00e9s<\/span> et<\/span> traduits<\/span> dans<\/span> une<\/span> langue<\/span> qui<\/span> s’\u00e9crit<\/span> avec<\/span> vingt<\/span> lettres<\/span> ou<\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments<\/span> ?<\/span> \u2014<\/span> C’est<\/span> justement<\/span> parce<\/span> que<\/span> (tu<\/span> te<\/span> souviens,<\/span> \u00f4<\/span> mieux<\/span> aim\u00e9e<\/span> ?)<\/span> la<\/span> langue<\/span> des<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span> qui<\/span> contiennent<\/span> l’information<\/span> et<\/span> la<\/span> langue<\/span> des<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span> qui<\/span> transmettent<\/span> l’information,<\/span> s’\u00e9crit<\/span> avec<\/span> quatre<\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments,<\/span> mais<\/span> combin\u00e9s<\/span> trois<\/span> par<\/span> trois,<\/span> ce<\/span> qui<\/span> donne<\/span> soixante-quatre<\/span> combinaisons possibles.<\/span> Il<\/span> existe<\/span> donc<\/span> dans<\/span> cette<\/span> langue<\/span> des<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> qui<\/span> portent<\/span> l’information<\/span> soixante-quatre<\/span> mots ou termes pour commander \u00e0 la composition des prot\u00e9ines qui sont \u00e9crites avec vingt<\/span> lettres<\/span> seulement, \u00e0 savoir les vingt acides<\/span> amin\u00e9s.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 Cette fois-ci, c’est trop, me<\/span><\/span> diras-tu.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 C’est<\/span><\/span> vrai,<\/span><\/span> c’est<\/span><\/span> trop,<\/span><\/span> mais,<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> veux-tu,<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Nature<\/span><\/span> n’a<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> su<\/span><\/span> faire<\/span><\/span> mieux,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> d’ailleurs<\/span><\/span> fais<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> petit<\/span><\/span> calcul,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> tu<\/span><\/span> verras<\/span><\/span> qu’elle<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> pouvait<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> faire<\/span><\/span> mieux,<\/span><\/span> car<\/span><\/span> si<\/span><\/span> elle<\/span><\/span> avait<\/span><\/span> adopt\u00e9<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> linguistique dans lequel les quatre \u00e9l\u00e9ments des mol\u00e9cules qui portent l’information<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span><\/span> avaient<\/span><\/span> \u00e9t\u00e9<\/span><\/span> utilis\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> deux<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> deux,<\/span><\/span> alors<\/span><\/span> elle<\/span><\/span> aurait<\/span><\/span> dispos\u00e9<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> seize<\/span><\/span> combinaisons<\/span><\/span> possibles<\/span><\/span> seulement.<\/span><\/span> Seize<\/span><\/span> mots<\/span><\/span> seulement<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> commander<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> composition<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> centaines<\/span><\/span> d’acides<\/span><\/span> amin\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> appartenant<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> vingt<\/span><\/span> types,<\/span><\/span> cela<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> suffit<\/span><\/span> pas.<\/span><\/span> La<\/span><\/span> Nature<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> donc<\/span><\/span> choisi<\/span><\/span> d’utiliser<\/span><\/span> son<\/span><\/span> alphabet<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> composant<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> mots<\/span><\/span> constitu\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> trois<\/span><\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments.<\/span><\/span> Comme<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> remarquait<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9j\u00e0<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> vieux<\/span><\/span> philosophe<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> connaissait<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> biochimie,<\/span><\/span> Dame<\/span><\/span> Nature<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> fait<\/span><\/span> rien<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> vain.<\/span><\/span> Et<\/span><\/span> lorsqu’on<\/span><\/span> lit les <\/span><\/span>trait\u00e9s <\/span><\/span>modernes de biochimie (nous allons en indiquer, patience…) on voit que <\/span><\/span> nos<\/span><\/span> modernes<\/span><\/span> savants<\/span><\/span> attirent<\/span><\/span> constamment<\/span><\/span> l’attention<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> \u00e9conomies<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> fait<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Nature,<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> \u00e9nergie<\/span><\/span> par exemple. La Nature utilise<\/span><\/span> toujours<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> simple,<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> \u00e9conomique,<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> parvenir \u00e0 ses<\/span><\/span> fins.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nous avons intitul\u00e9 ces <\/span>chroniques <\/span>: <\/span>les <\/span>langues <\/span>de la <\/span>nature, puisqu’il <\/span>en <\/span>existe <\/span>au <\/span> moins<\/span> deux,<\/span> celle<\/span> des<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> qui<\/span> portent<\/span> et<\/span> transmettent<\/span> l’information<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span> initiale,<\/span> et<\/span> celle<\/span> des<\/span> prot\u00e9ines.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ce qui est admirable c’est que, dans les vingt derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, les <\/span>savants <\/span>ont <\/span>r\u00e9ussi <\/span>\u00e0<\/span> \u00e9tablir<\/span> le<\/span> lexique<\/span> ou<\/span> dictionnaire<\/span> qui<\/span> nous<\/span> permet<\/span> de<\/span> voir<\/span> quel<\/span> mot<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> langue<\/span> des<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span> qui<\/span> portent<\/span> et<\/span> transmettent<\/span> l’information<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique,<\/span> commande<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> mise<\/span> en<\/span> place<\/span> de<\/span> quel<\/span> acide<\/span> amin\u00e9.<\/span> Il<\/span> existe<\/span> une<\/span> correspondance<\/span> constante<\/span> entre<\/span> la<\/span> langue<\/span> des<\/span> acides<\/span> nucl\u00e9iques<\/span> et<\/span> la<\/span> langue<\/span> des<\/span> prot\u00e9ines.<\/span> Et<\/span> cette<\/span> correspondance<\/span> est<\/span> universelle,<\/span> comme<\/span> d’ailleurs<\/span> les<\/span> deux<\/span> langues<\/span> en<\/span> question,<\/span> puisque<\/span> tous<\/span> les<\/span> \u00eatres<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> nature<\/span> sont<\/span> \u00e9crits<\/span> avec<\/span> ces<\/span> deux<\/span> langues<\/span> et<\/span> que<\/span> pour<\/span> comprendre<\/span> la<\/span> correspondance<\/span> qui<\/span> existe<\/span> entre<\/span> l’une<\/span> de<\/span> ces<\/span> langues<\/span> et<\/span> l’autre,<\/span> le<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> dictionnaire<\/span> est<\/span> valable,<\/span> pour<\/span> lire<\/span> la<\/span> composition<\/span> du<\/span> papillon<\/span> comme<\/span> celle<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> tulipe<\/span> ou<\/span> du<\/span> petit<\/span> pois.<\/span> La<\/span> nature<\/span> a<\/span> \u00e9t\u00e9<\/span> compos\u00e9e<\/span> par<\/span> un<\/span> seul<\/span> compositeur<\/span> qui<\/span> a<\/span> utilis\u00e9<\/span> constamment<\/span> des<\/span> r\u00e8gles<\/span> de<\/span> composition<\/span> et<\/span> une<\/span> technique<\/span> uniques.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tout,<\/span> dans<\/span> l’Univers<\/span> et<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> nature,<\/span> est<\/span> composition,<\/span> information<\/span> :<\/span> telle<\/span> est<\/span> l’une<\/span> des<\/span> grandes<\/span> d\u00e9couvertes<\/span> qui<\/span> s’imposent<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> nous<\/span> en<\/span> cette<\/span> fin<\/span> du<\/span> XX<\/span>e<\/span><\/sup> si\u00e8cle.<\/span> Tout<\/span> est<\/span> intelligible,<\/span> depuis<\/span> le<\/span> niveau atomique <\/span>jusqu’au <\/span>niveau mol\u00e9culaire et biologique, c’est-\u00e0-dire que petit \u00e0 petit<\/span> nous<\/span> d\u00e9couvrons <\/span>et nous <\/span>comprenons <\/span>la <\/span>raison d’\u00eatre <\/span>de <\/span>ce <\/span>qui <\/span>est. <\/span>Il <\/span>n’y <\/span>a pas de <\/span>syst\u00e8me biochimique en <\/span>trop<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> nature,<\/span> ni<\/span> de<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> biochimique<\/span> ou<\/span> biologique<\/span> d\u00e9pourvu<\/span> de<\/span> raison<\/span> d’\u00eatre.<\/span> L’Univers<\/span> est<\/span> un<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> dans<\/span> lequel<\/span> l’information<\/span> augmente<\/span> constamment,<\/span> et<\/span> elle<\/span> cro\u00eet<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> d’une<\/span> mani\u00e8re<\/span> acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e<\/span> au<\/span> cours<\/span> du<\/span> temps<\/span> :<\/span> c’est<\/span> l’autre<\/span> grande<\/span> d\u00e9couverte.<\/span> Il<\/span> faut<\/span> distinguer<\/span> soigneusement<\/span> le<\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span> de<\/span> l’information<\/span> et<\/span> le<\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> substance.<\/span> L’information,<\/span> c’est<\/span> le<\/span> message,<\/span> par<\/span> exemple<\/span> le<\/span> message<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span> qui<\/span> est<\/span> contenu<\/span> dans<\/span> l’ovule<\/span> f\u00e9cond\u00e9,<\/span> message<\/span> qui<\/span> va<\/span> commander<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> construction<\/span> de<\/span> ce<\/span> b\u00e9b\u00e9<\/span> qui<\/span> surgira<\/span> de<\/span> sa<\/span> m\u00e8re<\/span> dans<\/span> environ<\/span> neuf<\/span> mois.<\/span> Mais<\/span> le<\/span> message<\/span> lui-m\u00eame<\/span> ne<\/span> suffit<\/span> pas<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> rendre<\/span> compte<\/span> de<\/span> l’\u00eatre<\/span> vivant<\/span> lui-m\u00eame,<\/span> qui<\/span> va<\/span> renouveler<\/span> constamment<\/span> tous<\/span> les<\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments<\/span> physiques<\/span> qu’il<\/span> int\u00e8gre,<\/span> qui<\/span> va<\/span> cro\u00eetre<\/span> et<\/span> se<\/span> d\u00e9velopper,<\/span> et<\/span> qui<\/span> est<\/span> un<\/span> psychisme,<\/span> un<\/span> psychisme<\/span> d’abord<\/span> repli\u00e9<\/span> sur<\/span> lui-m\u00eame,<\/span> puis<\/span> capable<\/span> de<\/span> r\u00e9flexion<\/span> et<\/span> de<\/span> connaissance.<\/span> Mais<\/span> cela,<\/span> \u00f4<\/span> mieux <\/span>aim\u00e9e, c’est <\/span>de la m\u00e9taphysique, et je ne veux pas abuser, pour aujourd’hui, de ta <\/span> patience.<\/span><\/p>\n

Les <\/span>probl\u00e8mes philosophiques <\/span>qui se <\/span>posent <\/span>sont \u00e9vidents : <\/span>comment <\/span>comprendre<\/span> l’apparition,<\/span> il<\/span> y<\/span> a<\/span> quelque<\/span> trois<\/span> milliards<\/span> d’ann\u00e9es,<\/span> de<\/span> ces<\/span> premiers<\/span> messages<\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques\u00a0?<\/span> Comment<\/span> comprendre<\/span> l’apparition<\/span> d’une<\/span> langue,<\/span> et<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> de<\/span> deux<\/span> langues<\/span> dans<\/span> lesquelles<\/span> ou<\/span> avec<\/span> lesquelles<\/span> tous<\/span> les<\/span> \u00eatres<\/span> vivants<\/span> sont<\/span> \u00e9crits<\/span> ?<\/span> Comment<\/span> comprendre<\/span> la<\/span> croissance<\/span> au<\/span> cours<\/span> du<\/span> temps, <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>travers<\/span> l’histoire <\/span>naturelle,<\/span> des<\/span> messages<\/span> qui<\/span> contiennent<\/span> des<\/span> informations<\/span> inou\u00efes,<\/span> in\u00e9dites,<\/span> commandant<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> construction<\/span> de<\/span> syst\u00e8mes<\/span> biologiques<\/span> nouveaux,<\/span> qui<\/span> n’existaient<\/span> pas<\/span> auparavant<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> nature<\/span> ?<\/span> C’est<\/span> le<\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span> de<\/span> l’\u00e9volution<\/span> biologique,<\/span> car<\/span> l’\u00e9volution<\/span> biologique,<\/span> comme<\/span> nous<\/span> l’avons<\/span> d\u00e9j\u00e0<\/span> dit<\/span> ici<\/span> m\u00eame,<\/span> il<\/span> y<\/span> a<\/span> tr\u00e8s<\/span> longtemps,<\/span> n’est<\/span> pas<\/span> un<\/span> principe<\/span> d’explication.<\/span> Elle<\/span> est<\/span> ce<\/span> qu’il s’agit<\/span> d’expliquer.<\/span><\/p>\n

Comment comprendre <\/span>que des <\/span>messages g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques commandent <\/span>\u00e0 la <\/span>construction d’\u00eatres<\/span> qui<\/span> sont des <\/span>psychismes <\/span>et qui <\/span>seront <\/span>des personnes, <\/span>si leurs m\u00e8res les laissent vivre ? Ce sont <\/span>des<\/span> probl\u00e8mes<\/span> philosophiques<\/span> qui<\/span> s’imposent<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> toute<\/span> intelligence,<\/span> aujourd’hui,<\/span> en<\/span> cette<\/span> fin<\/span> du<\/span> XX<\/span>e<\/span><\/sup> si\u00e8cle,<\/span> si<\/span> toutefois<\/span> elle<\/span> a<\/span> pris<\/span> quelque<\/span> connaissance<\/span> des<\/span> donn\u00e9es<\/span> les<\/span> plus<\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires<\/span> fournies<\/span> par<\/span> les sciences<\/span> exp\u00e9rimentales.<\/span><\/p>\n

Et<\/span> pour<\/span> finir,<\/span> \u00f4<\/span> mieux<\/span> aim\u00e9e,<\/span> puisque<\/span> tu<\/span> as<\/span> \u00e9t\u00e9<\/span> sage<\/span> et<\/span> que<\/span> tu<\/span> m’as<\/span> suivi<\/span> jusqu’ici,<\/span> voici<\/span> deux<\/span> livres<\/span> pour<\/span> t’initier<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> la<\/span> biochimie,<\/span> une<\/span> des<\/span> plus<\/span> belles<\/span> sciences<\/span> d’aujourd’hui,<\/span> l’une<\/span> des<\/span> plus<\/span> riches<\/span> du<\/span> point<\/span> de<\/span> vue<\/span> philosophique,<\/span> puisque<\/span> c’est<\/span> la<\/span> science<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> langue<\/span> ou<\/span> des<\/span> langues<\/span> dans<\/span> lesquelles,<\/span> avec lesquelles, la nature est<\/span> \u00e9crite.<\/span><\/p>\n

D’abord,<\/span> si<\/span> tu<\/span> es<\/span> riche,<\/span> et<\/span> si<\/span> tu<\/span> es<\/span> patiente<\/span> et<\/span> courageuse,<\/span> l’un<\/span> des<\/span> grands<\/span> livres<\/span> modernes<\/span> sur<\/span> la question : Albert L. Lehninger, <\/span>Biochimie <\/i><\/span>(traduction fran\u00e7aise, \u00e9d. Flammarion). C’est<\/span> en<\/span> quelque<\/span> sorte<\/span> la<\/span> bible<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> biochimie<\/span> d’aujourd’hui.<\/span> Mais<\/span> fais<\/span> attention,<\/span> dans<\/span> ce<\/span> domaine<\/span> comme<\/span> en <\/span>physique, <\/span>comme <\/span>en <\/span>astrophysique, <\/span>les <\/span>choses vont vite, les d\u00e9couvertes <\/span> aussi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Et<\/span><\/span> puis,<\/span><\/span> si<\/span><\/span> tu<\/span><\/span> n’es<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> riche,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> si<\/span><\/span> tu<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9butes,<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> livre<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> facile,<\/span><\/span> tr\u00e8s<\/span><\/span> savant<\/span><\/span> aussi,<\/span><\/span> mais<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> simple,<\/span><\/span> moins<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crasant,<\/span><\/span> publi\u00e9<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> merveilleuse<\/span><\/span> collection<\/span><\/span> \u00ab\u00a0M\u00e9thodes\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/span> aux<\/span><\/span> \u00e9ditions<\/span><\/span> Hermann<\/span><\/span> :<\/span><\/span> Jacques Kruh, <\/span><\/span>Biochimie, <\/i><\/span><\/span>1.1, <\/span><\/span>Biologie <\/i><\/span><\/span>cellulaire <\/i><\/span><\/span>et <\/i><\/span><\/span>mol\u00e9culaire <\/i><\/span><\/span>; \u2014 t. II, <\/span><\/span> M\u00e9tabolisme.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Il<\/span> ne<\/span> faut<\/span> pas<\/span> oublier<\/span> le<\/span> m\u00e9tabolisme,<\/span> car<\/span> non<\/span> seulement<\/span> les<\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span> qui<\/span> constituent<\/span> les<\/span> \u00eatre<\/span> vivants<\/span> ont<\/span> une<\/span> structure,<\/span> mais<\/span> elles<\/span> ont<\/span> aussi<\/span> une<\/span> fonction<\/span> ;<\/span> elles<\/span> se<\/span> font<\/span> et<\/span> elles<\/span> se<\/span> d\u00e9font,<\/span> elles<\/span> travaillent,<\/span> elles<\/span> op\u00e8rent,<\/span> et<\/span> toutes<\/span> ces<\/span> op\u00e9rations<\/span> qui<\/span> s’effectuent<\/span> en<\/span> nous<\/span> en<\/span> ce<\/span> moment<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> sont<\/span> dirig\u00e9es<\/span> par<\/span> un<\/span> chef<\/span> d’orchestre<\/span> invisible.<\/span> La<\/span> po\u00e9sie<\/span> est<\/span> d’abord<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> nature.<\/span> Et<\/span> c’est<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> po\u00e9sie lyrique. <\/span>Le <\/span>livre dont <\/span>r\u00eavait Mallarm\u00e9, <\/span>il existe, c’est la Nature elle-m\u00eame. C’est un livre<\/span> inachev\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

La<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Voix<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>du<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Nord,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>5,<\/span><\/span> 12<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> 19<\/span><\/span> juin<\/span><\/span> 1979.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La physique moderne a connu une r\u00e9volution dans les premi\u00e8res ann\u00e9es du XXe si\u00e8cle, avec Max Planck, Albert Einstein, puis Louis de Broglie, Werner Heisenberg et bien d’autres. Ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 acquis par cette r\u00e9volution, c’est que la mati\u00e8re n’est pas ce qu’avaient imagin\u00e9 les anciens philosophes grecs : un ensemble de choses sans […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":17574,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1419],"tags":[223,610,253],"class_list":["post-17705","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tresmontant-claude","tag-biologie","tag-genetique","tag-sicence-et-conscience"],"yoast_head":"\nLes langues de la nature par Claude Tresmontant - 3e mill\u00e9naire - Spiritualit\u00e9 - Connaissance de soi - Non-dualit\u00e9 - M\u00e9ditation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revue3emillenaire.com\/blog\/langues-de-nature-claude-tresmontant\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Les langues de la nature par Claude Tresmontant - 3e mill\u00e9naire - Spiritualit\u00e9 - Connaissance de soi - Non-dualit\u00e9 - M\u00e9ditation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La physique moderne a connu une r\u00e9volution dans les premi\u00e8res ann\u00e9es du XXe si\u00e8cle, avec Max Planck, Albert Einstein, puis Louis de Broglie, Werner Heisenberg et bien d’autres. 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