{"id":19075,"date":"2022-10-14T13:08:25","date_gmt":"2022-10-14T12:08:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.revue3emillenaire.com\/blog\/?p=19075"},"modified":"2022-10-14T13:08:25","modified_gmt":"2022-10-14T12:08:25","slug":"lhomme-et-lunivers-par-claude-tresmontant","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revue3emillenaire.com\/blog\/lhomme-et-lunivers-par-claude-tresmontant\/","title":{"rendered":"L’Homme et l’Univers par Claude Tresmontant"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le <\/span>probl\u00e8me des <\/span>rapports <\/span>ou des <\/span>relations entre <\/span>l’Homme <\/span>et <\/span>l’Univers, <\/span>ou l’Univers <\/span>et<\/span> l’Homme, est abord\u00e9 et trait\u00e9 par la pens\u00e9e humaine depuis qu’elle existe sans<\/span> doute.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Il<\/span> existe<\/span> quelques<\/span> types<\/span> de<\/span> r\u00e9ponses<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> ce<\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span> et<\/span> heureusement<\/span> le<\/span> nombre<\/span> des<\/span> r\u00e9ponses<\/span> possibles <\/span>et <\/span>r\u00e9elles <\/span>n’est pas <\/span>ind\u00e9fini. <\/span>Il est <\/span>m\u00eame <\/span>tout<\/span> petit.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Une premi\u00e8re tradition qui remonte aux textes v\u00e9n\u00e9rables de l’Inde <\/span>ancienne, <\/span>les<\/span> plus<\/span> anciennes<\/span> Upanishad,<\/span> professe<\/span> que<\/span> l’Univers<\/span> physique<\/span> est<\/span> une<\/span> illusion,<\/span> une<\/span> apparence.<\/span> Seul<\/span> existe<\/span> le<\/span> Brahman,<\/span> l\u2019\u00catre<\/span> absolu<\/span> et<\/span> unique.<\/span> Tout<\/span> le<\/span> reste<\/span> est<\/span> illusion.<\/span> Nous-m\u00eames,<\/span> si<\/span> nous<\/span> nous<\/span> imaginons<\/span> que<\/span> nous<\/span> sommes<\/span> des<\/span> \u00eatres<\/span> distincts<\/span> les<\/span> uns<\/span> des<\/span> autres,<\/span> des<\/span> individus,<\/span> des<\/span> personnes,<\/span> nous<\/span> nous<\/span> faisons illusion. En r\u00e9alit\u00e9 nous somme<\/span>s<\/span> le Brahman, l\u2019\u00catre absolu et unique. Nous<\/span> existons<\/span> r\u00e9ellement<\/span> mais<\/span> notre<\/span> existence<\/span> individuelle,<\/span> singuli\u00e8re,<\/span> est<\/span> illusoire.<\/span> Ce<\/span> qui<\/span> existe<\/span> de<\/span> v\u00e9ritable<\/span> en<\/span> nous, c’est le<\/span> Brahman.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dans<\/span> cette<\/span> tradition<\/span> de<\/span> pens\u00e9e,<\/span> l’existence<\/span> de<\/span> l’Univers<\/span> physique<\/span> est<\/span> donc<\/span> ni\u00e9e<\/span> ou<\/span> annul\u00e9e,<\/span> r\u00e9duite \u00e0 l’\u00e9tat d’illusion ou d’apparence ou de<\/span> songe.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Reste la question de savoir pourquoi, pour quelle raison, le Brahman <\/span>qui est <\/span>le <\/span>seul \u00catre<\/span> s’est<\/span> inflig\u00e9<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> lui-m\u00eame<\/span> cette<\/span> illusion<\/span> cosmique,<\/span> l’illusion<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> multiplicit\u00e9,<\/span> de<\/span> l’individualit\u00e9,<\/span> qui<\/span> engendre l’illusion <\/span>de la<\/span> douleur.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Car si ce n’est pas lui, le <\/span>Brahman, <\/span>qui est-ce donc puisque par hypoth\u00e8se il est le seul<\/span> ?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Une <\/span>deuxi\u00e8me<\/span> tradition<\/span> de <\/span>pens\u00e9e<\/span> dont on trouve <\/span>l’expression<\/span> chez les <\/span>plus<\/span> anciens<\/span> philosophes mat\u00e9rialistes grecs professe <\/span>au <\/span>contraire <\/span>que <\/span>l’Univers physique <\/span>existe <\/span>r\u00e9ellement. <\/span>Il<\/span> n’est<\/span> pas<\/span> une<\/span> illusion,<\/span> il<\/span> n’est<\/span> pas<\/span> un<\/span> songe<\/span> ni<\/span> une<\/span> apparence.<\/span> Il<\/span> existe<\/span> de<\/span> toute<\/span> \u00e9ternit\u00e9<\/span> et<\/span> pour<\/span> toute<\/span> l’\u00e9ternit\u00e9. Il est inusable de m\u00eame qu’il est<\/span> incr\u00e9\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les <\/span>H\u00e9breux, <\/span>de <\/span>leur c\u00f4t\u00e9, install\u00e9s par vagues <\/span>successives <\/span>au <\/span>pays <\/span>de Canaan que<\/span> nous<\/span> appelons aujourd’hui la Palestine, depuis le XIX<\/span>e <\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle <\/span>avant <\/span>notre \u00e8re, <\/span>professent <\/span>que <\/span>l’Univers<\/span> existe<\/span> r\u00e9ellement,<\/span> qu’il<\/span> n’est<\/span> pas<\/span> un<\/span> songe<\/span> ni<\/span> une<\/span> illusion,<\/span> \u2014<\/span> contre<\/span> la<\/span> grande<\/span> tradition<\/span> id\u00e9aliste<\/span> et<\/span> acosmique<\/span> de<\/span> l’Inde.<\/span> Mais<\/span> que<\/span> d’autre<\/span> part<\/span> l’Univers<\/span> physique<\/span> n’est<\/span> pas<\/span> seul<\/span> ni<\/span> premier.<\/span> Il<\/span> n’est<\/span> pas<\/span> l\u2019\u00catre<\/span> premier.<\/span> Il<\/span> a<\/span> commenc\u00e9<\/span> d’exister<\/span> et<\/span> il<\/span> est<\/span> fragile,<\/span> il<\/span> s’use,<\/span> \u2014<\/span> contre<\/span> la<\/span> grande<\/span> tradition<\/span> mat\u00e9rialiste <\/span>qui <\/span>remonte <\/span>aux <\/span>philosophes grecs <\/span>du V<\/span>e <\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle <\/span>avant <\/span>notre <\/span>\u00e8re, <\/span>Leucippe <\/span>et<\/span> D\u00e9mocrite.<\/span> Platon, <\/span>Aristote, <\/span>les <\/span>sto\u00efciens consid\u00e8rent l’Univers <\/span>comme un <\/span>Animal <\/span>divin, un <\/span> Vivant<\/span> anim\u00e9 d’une \u00c2me divine, l\u2019\u00c2me du Monde, un Vivant \u00e9ternel dans le pass\u00e9 et dans l’avenir.<\/span> Plotin,<\/span> au<\/span> III<\/span>e <\/span><\/sup> si\u00e8cle<\/span> de<\/span> notre<\/span> \u00e8re,<\/span> Proclus<\/span> au<\/span> V<\/span>e<\/span><\/sup> si\u00e8cle<\/span> de<\/span> notre<\/span> \u00e8re,<\/span> reprocheront<\/span> am\u00e8rement<\/span> aux<\/span> chr\u00e9tiens <\/span>de ne pas professer comme les anciens philosophes grecs la divinit\u00e9 de<\/span> l’Univers.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Au XIX<\/span>e <\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle, fleurissent les grands syst\u00e8mes de l’Id\u00e9alisme allemand.<\/span> Arthur<\/span> Schopenhauer, <\/span>par <\/span>exemple, <\/span>professe que l’Univers <\/span>est ma <\/span>Repr\u00e9sentation, <\/span>Die Welt ist<\/i><\/span> <\/i>meine Vorstellung.<\/i><\/span> <\/i>Schopenhauer<\/span> se<\/span> rattache<\/span> express\u00e9ment<\/span> aux<\/span> grands<\/span> textes<\/span> sacr\u00e9s<\/span> de<\/span> l’Inde<\/span> ancienne<\/span> qui venaient d’\u00eatre d\u00e9couverts et<\/span> traduits.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les <\/span>syst\u00e8mes gnostiques <\/span>des <\/span>premiers si\u00e8cles <\/span>de <\/span>notre \u00e8re <\/span>con\u00e7oivent l’Univers <\/span> physique<\/span> comme<\/span> un<\/span> lieu<\/span> de<\/span> chute<\/span> et<\/span> comme<\/span> r\u00e9sultant<\/span> lui-m\u00eame<\/span> d’une<\/span> catastrophe.<\/span> L’Univers<\/span> physique,<\/span> selon<\/span> ces<\/span> syst\u00e8mes<\/span> gnostiques<\/span> qui<\/span> pullulent<\/span> dans<\/span> les<\/span> premiers<\/span> si\u00e8cles<\/span> de<\/span> l’\u00e8re<\/span> chr\u00e9tienne,<\/span> est<\/span> le<\/span> r\u00e9sultat<\/span> d’une<\/span> trag\u00e9die<\/span> ant\u00e9rieure<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> l’Univers,<\/span> d’une<\/span> faute,<\/span> d’un<\/span> p\u00e9ch\u00e9<\/span> commis<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> vie<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> Divinit\u00e9.<\/span> L’Univers<\/span> physique<\/span> est<\/span> soit<\/span> l’\u0153uvre<\/span> d’un<\/span> Principe<\/span> mauvais<\/span> qui<\/span> s’est<\/span> s\u00e9par\u00e9<\/span> de<\/span> l’Unit\u00e9<\/span> divine<\/span> originelle,<\/span> \u2014<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> de<\/span> l’\u00e9cole<\/span> du<\/span> gnostique<\/span> Valentin,<\/span> \u2014<\/span> soit<\/span> l’\u0153uvre<\/span> d’un<\/span> Principe<\/span> mauvais<\/span> incr\u00e9\u00e9 et \u00e9ternel, tout <\/span>comme <\/span>le bon Principe, \u2014 syst\u00e8me de l’\u00e9cole de<\/span> Marcion.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Valentin<\/span> et<\/span> Marcion<\/span> vivaient<\/span> tous<\/span> les<\/span> deux<\/span> au<\/span> II<\/span>e<\/span><\/sup> si\u00e8cle<\/span> de<\/span> notre<\/span> \u00e8re<\/span> et<\/span> ils<\/span> se<\/span> sont<\/span> sans<\/span> doute<\/span> rencontr\u00e9s \u00e0<\/span> Rome.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dans<\/span> le<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> d’Orig\u00e8ne<\/span> d’Alexandrie<\/span> (n\u00e9<\/span> vers<\/span> 185),<\/span> la<\/span> premi\u00e8re<\/span> cr\u00e9ation<\/span> est<\/span> purement<\/span> spirituelle.<\/span> C’est<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> cause<\/span> d’une<\/span> chute,<\/span> d’une<\/span> faute,<\/span> d’un<\/span> p\u00e9ch\u00e9,<\/span> que<\/span> les<\/span> substances<\/span> spirituelles<\/span> pures<\/span> et<\/span> nues<\/span> sont<\/span> tomb\u00e9es<\/span> dans<\/span> la<\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span> et<\/span> dans<\/span> les<\/span> corps.<\/span> L’Univers,<\/span> dans<\/span> ce<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> du<\/span> docteur<\/span> alexandrin,<\/span> est<\/span> donc<\/span> encore<\/span> le<\/span> r\u00e9sultat<\/span> d’une<\/span> chute,<\/span> d’une<\/span> catastrophe.<\/span> Il<\/span> est<\/span> produit<\/span> ou<\/span> cr\u00e9\u00e9<\/span> apr\u00e8s<\/span> la cr\u00e9ation des substances spirituelles. Il est le lieu de leur ali\u00e9nation ou de leur<\/span> exil.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Au XIII<\/span>e <\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle de notre \u00e8re, les grands docteurs chr\u00e9tiens tels que Albert le Grand, <\/span> Thomas d’Aquin,<\/span> Bonaventure,<\/span> puis,<\/span> un<\/span> peu<\/span> plus<\/span> tard,<\/span> Jean<\/span> Duns<\/span> Scot,<\/span> discutent<\/span> avec<\/span> les<\/span> philosophes<\/span> nourris<\/span> d’Aristote<\/span> et<\/span> de<\/span> philosophie<\/span> arabe,<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> question<\/span> de<\/span> savoir<\/span> si<\/span> l’Univers<\/span> physique<\/span> est<\/span> \u00e9ternel<\/span> dans<\/span> le<\/span> pass\u00e9,<\/span> ou<\/span> non.<\/span> Les<\/span> philosophes<\/span> arabes<\/span> et<\/span> leurs<\/span> disciples<\/span> jud\u00e9ens<\/span> ou<\/span> chr\u00e9tiens<\/span> pr\u00e9tendaient<\/span> que<\/span> oui<\/span> :<\/span> l’Univers<\/span> physique<\/span> est<\/span> \u00e9ternel<\/span> dans<\/span> le<\/span> pass\u00e9<\/span> et<\/span> dans<\/span> l’avenir.<\/span> Les<\/span> docteurs<\/span> chr\u00e9tiens<\/span> orthodoxes rejetaient cette th\u00e8se mais la question \u00e9tait de savoir comment convaincre<\/span> leurs<\/span> adversaires.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dans<\/span> des<\/span> chroniques<\/span> nombreuses<\/span> nous<\/span> avons<\/span> rappel\u00e9<\/span> ici<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> que<\/span> la<\/span> question<\/span> de<\/span> l’\u00e2ge<\/span> de<\/span> l’Univers<\/span> physique<\/span> n’est<\/span> plus<\/span> maintenant<\/span> un<\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span> relevant<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> m\u00e9taphysique<\/span> mais<\/span> un<\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span> relevant<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> physique<\/span> cosmique<\/span> ou<\/span> de<\/span> l’astrophysique.<\/span> Nous<\/span> avons<\/span> rappel\u00e9<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> maintes<\/span> reprises que la grande d\u00e9couverte du XX<\/span>e <\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle, et peut-\u00eatre la plus grande d\u00e9couverte des temps modernes,<\/span> a<\/span> \u00e9t\u00e9<\/span> la<\/span> d\u00e9couverte<\/span> du<\/span> fait<\/span> que<\/span> l’Univers<\/span> n’est<\/span> pas<\/span> un<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> fixe,<\/span> un<\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span> sans<\/span> gen\u00e8se<\/span> et<\/span> sans<\/span> histoire<\/span> comme<\/span> se<\/span> l’imaginaient<\/span> les<\/span> anciens<\/span> philosophes<\/span> grecs,<\/span> mais<\/span> au<\/span> contraire<\/span> un<\/span> syst\u00e8me <\/span>historique, <\/span>un <\/span>syst\u00e8me <\/span>en <\/span>r\u00e9gime <\/span>de <\/span>gen\u00e8se <\/span>ou <\/span> d’\u00e9volution.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La<\/span> question<\/span> des<\/span> rapports<\/span> entre<\/span> l’Homme<\/span> et<\/span> l’Univers<\/span> s’en<\/span> trouve<\/span> totalement<\/span> transform\u00e9e,<\/span> renouvel\u00e9e et enfin il est possible d’envisager de traiter cette question par des voies ou<\/span> des<\/span> m\u00e9thodes<\/span> positives.<\/span> Nous<\/span> venons<\/span> en<\/span> effet<\/span> de<\/span> d\u00e9couvrir<\/span> que<\/span> l’apparition<\/span> de<\/span> l’Homme<\/span> dans<\/span> l’Univers,<\/span> ce<\/span> matin<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> l’aube,<\/span> il<\/span> y<\/span> a<\/span> quelques<\/span> dizaines<\/span> de<\/span> milliers<\/span> d’ann\u00e9es,<\/span> est<\/span> le<\/span> r\u00e9sultat,<\/span> le<\/span> fruit,<\/span> d’un<\/span> long<\/span> travail<\/span> cosmique,<\/span> physique,<\/span> biochimique<\/span> et<\/span> biologique<\/span> ant\u00e9rieur.<\/span> L’Homme<\/span> n’et<\/span> pas<\/span> plus<\/span> tomb\u00e9 dans le Monde que la pomme n’est tomb\u00e9e dans le pommier. L’homme qui vient<\/span> d’appara\u00eetre <\/span>est le r\u00e9sultat d’un travail commenc\u00e9 depuis au moins dix-huit milliards<\/span> d’ann\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

J’ai sous les yeux un <\/span>travail <\/span>tr\u00e8s <\/span>remarquable <\/span>de deux astrophysiciens de l’Universit\u00e9 <\/span> de<\/span> Li\u00e8ge,<\/span> Jacques<\/span> Demaret<\/span> et<\/span> Christian<\/span> Barbier,<\/span> travail<\/span> dans<\/span> lequel<\/span> ces<\/span> deux<\/span> savants<\/span> r\u00e9capitulent<\/span> les<\/span> recherches<\/span> qui<\/span> sont<\/span> en<\/span> cours<\/span> depuis<\/span> une<\/span> vingtaine<\/span> d’ann\u00e9es<\/span> sur<\/span> le<\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span> suivant<\/span> :<\/span> quelles<\/span> sont<\/span> les<\/span> conditions<\/span> physiques<\/span> et<\/span> cosmologiques<\/span> requises<\/span> pour<\/span> qu’un<\/span> \u00eatre<\/span> capable<\/span> de<\/span> pens\u00e9e<\/span> puisse<\/span> appara\u00eetre<\/span> dans<\/span> l’Univers<\/span> ?<\/span> Des<\/span> savants,<\/span> des<\/span> physiciens<\/span> et<\/span> des<\/span> astrophysiciens,<\/span> sur<\/span> la<\/span> Terre<\/span> enti\u00e8re,<\/span> s’int\u00e9ressent<\/span> en<\/span> ce<\/span> moment<\/span> m\u00eame<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> cette<\/span> question.<\/span> Car<\/span> ils<\/span> ont<\/span> d\u00e9couvert<\/span> que<\/span> parmi<\/span> les<\/span> nombreuses<\/span> propri\u00e9t\u00e9s ou <\/span>caract\u00e9ristiques <\/span>de <\/span>l’Univers <\/span>physique que nous connaissons maintenant sur<\/span> une<\/span> dur\u00e9e d’au moins dix-huit milliards d’ann\u00e9es, si, par hypoth\u00e8se, vous <\/span>modifiez <\/span>l’une de<\/span> ces<\/span> caract\u00e9ristiques<\/span> physiques,<\/span> la<\/span> taille,<\/span> l’\u00e2ge,<\/span> la<\/span> vitesse<\/span> d’expansion,<\/span> la<\/span> structure<\/span> du<\/span> noyau<\/span> atomique,<\/span> la<\/span> masse <\/span>totale de <\/span>l’Univers, <\/span>etc. \u2014 vous d\u00e9couvrez que pour des <\/span>raisons <\/span>physiques<\/span> pr\u00e9cises<\/span> l’apparition de la vie dans l’Univers est<\/span> impossible.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ce<\/span> qui<\/span> signifie<\/span> en<\/span> clair<\/span> que<\/span> l’Univers<\/span> est<\/span> ainsi<\/span> construit,<\/span> physiquement,<\/span> qu’il<\/span> est<\/span> capable<\/span> de<\/span> supporter <\/span>et de recevoir la cr\u00e9ation en lui des \u00eatres vivants et<\/span> pensants.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Certains<\/span> savants,<\/span> depuis<\/span> le<\/span> d\u00e9but<\/span> de<\/span> ce<\/span> si\u00e8cle,<\/span> supposaient<\/span> que<\/span> l’apparition<\/span> de<\/span> la<\/span> vie<\/span> et<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> plus<\/span> forte <\/span>raison <\/span>des <\/span>\u00eatres pensants <\/span>dans l’Univers est <\/span>un accident, un d\u00e9faut <\/span> d’asepsie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les travaux qui sont en cours montrent au contraire que l’Univers est <\/span>physiquement <\/span> pr\u00e9<\/span> adapt\u00e9 <\/span>depuis <\/span>ses <\/span>origines <\/span>pour <\/span>permettre <\/span>la <\/span>gen\u00e8se <\/span>des <\/span>\u00eatres vivants et <\/span> pensants.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Extrait de <\/span>La<\/i><\/span> <\/i>Voix<\/i><\/span> <\/i>du<\/i><\/span> <\/i>Nord,<\/i><\/span> <\/i>27<\/span> juin<\/span> 1982.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le probl\u00e8me des rapports ou des relations entre l’Homme et l’Univers, ou l’Univers et l’Homme, est abord\u00e9 et trait\u00e9 par la pens\u00e9e humaine depuis qu’elle existe sans doute. Il existe quelques types de r\u00e9ponses \u00e0 ce probl\u00e8me et heureusement le nombre des r\u00e9ponses possibles et r\u00e9elles n’est pas ind\u00e9fini. Il est m\u00eame tout petit. Une […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":17574,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1419],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19075","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tresmontant-claude"],"yoast_head":"\nL'Homme et l'Univers par Claude Tresmontant - 3e mill\u00e9naire - Spiritualit\u00e9 - Connaissance de soi - Non-dualit\u00e9 - M\u00e9ditation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revue3emillenaire.com\/blog\/lhomme-et-lunivers-par-claude-tresmontant\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L'Homme et l'Univers par Claude Tresmontant - 3e mill\u00e9naire - Spiritualit\u00e9 - Connaissance de soi - Non-dualit\u00e9 - M\u00e9ditation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Le probl\u00e8me des rapports ou des relations entre l’Homme et l’Univers, ou l’Univers et l’Homme, est abord\u00e9 et trait\u00e9 par la pens\u00e9e humaine depuis qu’elle existe sans doute. 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