{"id":19182,"date":"2023-04-22T13:36:58","date_gmt":"2023-04-22T12:36:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.revue3emillenaire.com\/blog\/?p=19182"},"modified":"2023-04-22T13:36:58","modified_gmt":"2023-04-22T12:36:58","slug":"la-pluralite-des-mondes-habites-par-claude-tresmontant","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revue3emillenaire.com\/blog\/la-pluralite-des-mondes-habites-par-claude-tresmontant\/","title":{"rendered":"La pluralit\u00e9 des mondes habit\u00e9s par Claude Tresmontant"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c9vry<\/span><\/span> Schatzman<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> directeur<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> recherche<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> Centre<\/span><\/span> National<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Recherche<\/span><\/span> Scientifique,<\/span><\/span> membre<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’Acad\u00e9mie<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> Sciences,<\/span><\/span> l’un<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> ma\u00eetres<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’Astrophysique<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9orique<\/span><\/span> contemporaine.<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> donc<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> pr\u00e9par\u00e9<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> traiter<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> c\u00e9l\u00e8bre.<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> vient<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> faire<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> petit<\/span><\/span> livre<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> fait<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> point<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> question,<\/span><\/span> d’une<\/span><\/span> mani\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> scientifique<\/span><\/span> :<\/span><\/span> Les<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Enfants<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>d’Uranie<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>(\u00e9d.<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> Seuil).<\/span><\/span> \u00c9vry<\/span><\/span> Schatzman<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> l’un<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> responsables<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> protecteurs<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> v\u00e9n\u00e9rable<\/span><\/span> Union<\/span><\/span> Rationaliste.<\/span><\/span> C’est<\/span><\/span> dire<\/span><\/span> qu’il n’est pas de tendance<\/span><\/span> mystique.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Rappelons bri\u00e8vement <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>donn\u00e9es <\/span><\/span>du <\/span><\/span>probl\u00e8me. <\/span><\/span>Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>envisag\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>trait\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>dans les<\/span><\/span> si\u00e8cles<\/span><\/span> pass\u00e9s,<\/span><\/span> mais<\/span><\/span> on<\/span><\/span> s’imaginait<\/span><\/span> alors<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l’Univers<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9duit<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> notre<\/span><\/span> seul<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> microscopique<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> solaire.<\/span><\/span> Nous<\/span><\/span> savons<\/span><\/span> aujourd’hui,<\/span><\/span> fin<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> XX<\/span><\/span>e<\/span><\/span><\/sup> si\u00e8cle,<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l’Univers<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> gaz<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> galaxies.<\/span><\/span> Une<\/span><\/span> galaxie<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> ensemble<\/span><\/span> d’\u00e9toiles.<\/span><\/span> Notre<\/span><\/span> propre<\/span><\/span> Galaxie,<\/span><\/span> celle<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> laquelle<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> appartenons,<\/span><\/span> compte<\/span><\/span> environ<\/span><\/span> cent<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> d’\u00e9toiles<\/span><\/span> comme<\/span><\/span> notre<\/span><\/span> Soleil,<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> grandes<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> petites,<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> jeunes<\/span><\/span> ou plus<\/span><\/span> vieilles.<\/span><\/span> Notre<\/span><\/span> Soleil<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> \u00e9toile<\/span><\/span> parmi<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> cent<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> notre<\/span><\/span> Galaxie.<\/span><\/span> L’Univers<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> constitu\u00e9<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> galaxies,<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> moins<\/span><\/span> grandes,<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> moins<\/span><\/span> \u00e2g\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span> Notre<\/span><\/span> propre<\/span><\/span> Galaxie<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> \u00e2g\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> d’environ<\/span><\/span> dix<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> d’ann\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span> En<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> moment,<\/span><\/span> environ<\/span><\/span> deux<\/span><\/span> mille<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> galaxies <\/span><\/span>sont accessibles \u00e0<\/span><\/span> l’observation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nous <\/span><\/span>connaissons l’histoire <\/span><\/span>de l’Univers sur une dur\u00e9e <\/span><\/span>d’environ <\/span><\/span>vingt <\/span><\/span>milliards <\/span><\/span> d’ann\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span> Nous<\/span><\/span> connaissons<\/span><\/span> maintenant<\/span><\/span> l’histoire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> l’Univers<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> l’histoire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> composition<\/span><\/span> progressive<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’Univers.<\/span><\/span> L’Univers<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> tout<\/span><\/span> d’abord<\/span><\/span> \u00e9t\u00e9<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> lumi\u00e8re.<\/span><\/span> Ce<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> premier<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> l’Univers,<\/span><\/span> c’est<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> lumi\u00e8re,<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> rayonnement.<\/span><\/span> Ce<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> appelons<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> fait<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> lumi\u00e8re.<\/span><\/span> La<\/span><\/span> lumi\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’Univers.<\/span><\/span> L’Univers<\/span><\/span> tout<\/span><\/span> entier<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> fait<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> lumi\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> d’information.<\/span><\/span> Ce<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> appelons<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> mati\u00e8re,<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> savoir<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> atomes,<\/span><\/span> puis<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules,<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> compositions<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> forment<\/span><\/span> petit<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> petit,<\/span><\/span> progressivement,<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> allant<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> simple<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> complexe.<\/span><\/span> C’est<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> l’int\u00e9rieur<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> noyau<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> \u00e9toiles<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> forment<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> noyaux<\/span><\/span> lourds,<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> complexe.<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> existe <\/span><\/span>une <\/span><\/span>centaine <\/span><\/span>d’esp\u00e8ces<\/span><\/span> d’atomes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Il y a environ quatre milliards d’ann\u00e9es, sur notre minuscule plan\u00e8te <\/span><\/span>Terre, <\/span><\/span>dans<\/span><\/span> notre<\/span><\/span> microscopique<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> solaire,<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> \u00e2g\u00e9<\/span><\/span> d’environ<\/span><\/span> cinq<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> d’ann\u00e9es,<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> assistons<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> compositions<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> vont<\/span><\/span> donner<\/span><\/span> naissance<\/span><\/span> aux<\/span><\/span> grosses<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules.<\/span><\/span> Formation,<\/span><\/span> composition<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> arrangement<\/span><\/span> d’atomes<\/span><\/span> entre<\/span><\/span> eux.<\/span><\/span> Puis<\/span><\/span> formation<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> grosses<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> arrangement<\/span><\/span> de <\/span><\/span>mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> entre<\/span><\/span> elles.<\/span><\/span> Puis<\/span><\/span> formation<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9antes,<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> combinaison<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> composition<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> grosses<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> entre<\/span><\/span> elles.<\/span><\/span> Parmi<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span><\/span> form\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> y<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> trois<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> d’ann\u00e9es,<\/span><\/span> certaines<\/span><\/span> comportent<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> messages.<\/span><\/span> Ce<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> messag\u00e8res,<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crites<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> compos\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> simples,<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments,<\/span><\/span> disons<\/span><\/span> A,<\/span><\/span> B,<\/span><\/span> C,<\/span><\/span> D,<\/span><\/span> arrang\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> trois<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> trois.<\/span><\/span> Par<\/span><\/span> exemple<\/span><\/span> cela<\/span><\/span> donne<\/span><\/span> CTA,<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> GAC,<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> TAC,<\/span><\/span> etc.<\/span><\/span> Soixante-quatre<\/span><\/span> combinaisons<\/span><\/span> possibles.<\/span><\/span> Toute<\/span><\/span> l’histoire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> vie<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crite<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crites<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> leur tour avec<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> linguistique<\/span><\/span> constitu\u00e9<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments,<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> bases,<\/span><\/span> arrang\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> trois<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> trois.<\/span><\/span> L’information<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> commande<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> construction,<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> formation,<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9veloppement,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> tous<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> \u00eatres<\/span><\/span> vivants,<\/span><\/span> depuis<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> vie<\/span><\/span> existe<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> plan\u00e8te<\/span><\/span> Terre,<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crite<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> linguistique<\/span><\/span> comportant<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments,<\/span><\/span> arrang\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> trois<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> trois.<\/span><\/span> Tous<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> messages<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> tous<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> \u00eatres<\/span><\/span> vivants<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crits<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me.<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> semble<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> heure<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me soit<\/span><\/span> unique.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’information<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span><\/span> inscrite<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> pelotonn\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> noyau<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> cellule.<\/span><\/span> A<\/span><\/span> partir<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0,<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> partir<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cule<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9ante<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> contient<\/span><\/span> l’information<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique, c’est-\u00e0-dire toutes les <\/span><\/span>instructions <\/span><\/span>qui sont <\/span><\/span>requises <\/span><\/span>pour <\/span><\/span>composer <\/span><\/span>un \u00eatre vivant, une <\/span><\/span> autre<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cule<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> forme,<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> re\u00e7u<\/span><\/span> l’information<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> premi\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> transporte,<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> information,<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> appareils,<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l’on<\/span><\/span> appelle<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> ribosomes.<\/span><\/span> Ces<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> messag\u00e8res<\/span><\/span> transportent<\/span><\/span> l’information<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span><\/span> contenue<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> noyau<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> cellule,<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> appareils,<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> ribosomes,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0<\/span><\/span> s’effectue<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> synth\u00e8se<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> formation<\/span><\/span> d’un<\/span><\/span> autre<\/span><\/span> type<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9antes,<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> prot\u00e9ines.<\/span><\/span> Les<\/span><\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span><\/span> constitu\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> d’autres<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> petites,<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l’on<\/span><\/span> appelle<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> acides<\/span><\/span> amin\u00e9s.<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> existe une <\/span><\/span>vingtaine d’acides amin\u00e9s <\/span><\/span>qui sont <\/span><\/span>utilis\u00e9s <\/span><\/span>pour entrer dans la <\/span><\/span>composition <\/span><\/span>ou<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> constitution<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> prot\u00e9ines.<\/span><\/span> Les<\/span><\/span> vingt<\/span><\/span> acides<\/span><\/span> amin\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> comme<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> lettres<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’alphabet,<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> lesquelles<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crites<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> prot\u00e9ines.<\/span><\/span> Car<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span><\/span> aussi<\/span><\/span> contiennent<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’information.<\/span><\/span> Leur<\/span><\/span> message<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crit<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> linguistique<\/span><\/span> comportant<\/span><\/span> vingt<\/span><\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments,<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> vingt<\/span><\/span> acides<\/span><\/span> amin\u00e9s.<\/span><\/span> Avec<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> vingt<\/span><\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> vingt<\/span><\/span> acides<\/span><\/span> amin\u00e9s,<\/span><\/span> vous<\/span><\/span> pouvez<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crire<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> combinaisons<\/span><\/span> diff\u00e9rentes,<\/span><\/span> puisque<\/span><\/span> chaque<\/span><\/span> prot\u00e9ine<\/span><\/span> utilise<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> grand<\/span><\/span> nombre<\/span><\/span> d’acides<\/span><\/span> amin\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> appartenant<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> vingt<\/span><\/span> types.<\/span><\/span> La <\/span><\/span>Nature,<\/span><\/span> notre<\/span><\/span> M\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> \u00e0 <\/span><\/span>tous,<\/span><\/span> a <\/span><\/span>donc<\/span><\/span> invent\u00e9,<\/span><\/span> il y a <\/span><\/span>environ quatre milliards <\/span><\/span>d’ann\u00e9es, <\/span><\/span>au <\/span><\/span>moins <\/span><\/span>deux <\/span><\/span>syst\u00e8mes linguistiques <\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span>1. Un <\/span><\/span>syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> linguistique<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> bases,<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments,<\/span><\/span> celui<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> portent<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> supportent<\/span><\/span> l’information<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique.<\/span><\/span> 2.<\/span><\/span> Un<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> linguistique<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> vingt<\/span><\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments,<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> vingt<\/span><\/span> acides<\/span><\/span> amin\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> entrent dans <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>constitution <\/span><\/span>des<\/span><\/span> prot\u00e9ines.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Or la <\/span><\/span>formation <\/span><\/span>de ces <\/span><\/span>mol\u00e9cules <\/span><\/span>g\u00e9antes que sont les prot\u00e9ines, la <\/span><\/span>constitution<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’arrangement<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> simples<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> acides<\/span><\/span> amin\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> entre<\/span><\/span> eux, <\/span><\/span> c’est-\u00e0-dire <\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> somme <\/span><\/span>la<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9daction, <\/span><\/span>ou<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> composition,<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> effectu\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9alis\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> sous<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> commande<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> sous<\/span><\/span> l’autorit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> instructions<\/span><\/span> fournies<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span><\/span> contenues<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> noyau<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> cellule,<\/span><\/span> celles<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> contiennent<\/span><\/span> l’information<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> messag\u00e8res<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> transmettent<\/span><\/span> l’information.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

* * *<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nous avons vu dans notre chronique pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente que des mol\u00e9cules g\u00e9antes qui<\/span><\/span> contiennent<\/span><\/span> toute<\/span><\/span> l’information<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span><\/span> parviennent<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> appareils<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l’on<\/span><\/span> appelle<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> ribosomes,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> c’est<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> appareils<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> s’effectue<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> montage<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l’on<\/span><\/span> appelle<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> prot\u00e9ines,<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crites<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> centaines<\/span><\/span> d’acides<\/span><\/span> amin\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> appartenant<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> vingt<\/span><\/span> types<\/span><\/span> diff\u00e9rents.<\/span><\/span> Les<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> messag\u00e8res<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> parviennent<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> ribosomes<\/span><\/span> ont<\/span><\/span> emprunt\u00e9<\/span><\/span> toute<\/span><\/span> l’information<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span><\/span> qu’elles<\/span><\/span> contiennent<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span><\/span> pelotonn\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> noyau<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> cellule,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> constituent<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> biblioth\u00e8que,<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> tr\u00e9sor<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’information<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’\u00eatre<\/span><\/span> vivant.<\/span><\/span> Les<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> messag\u00e8res<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crites<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> linguistique<\/span><\/span> constitu\u00e9<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments<\/span><\/span> arrang\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> trois<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> trois.<\/span><\/span> Les<\/span><\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crites<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> linguistique<\/span><\/span> constitu\u00e9<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> vingt<\/span><\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments.<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> faut<\/span><\/span> donc<\/span><\/span> traduire<\/span><\/span> l’information<\/span><\/span> contenue<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span><\/span> initiales,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crites<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> linguistique<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments,<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> autre <\/span><\/span>langue, <\/span><\/span>la langue des prot\u00e9ines \u00e9crites avec un syst\u00e8me linguistique constitu\u00e9 de<\/span><\/span> vingt<\/span><\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments. <\/span><\/span>C’est cette traduction qui <\/span><\/span>s’effectue <\/span><\/span>sur ces appareils que l’on appelle les<\/span><\/span> ribosomes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Notre M\u00e8re \u00e0 tous, la Nature, a invent\u00e9 encore bien d’autres choses, il y a environ<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> d’ann\u00e9es,<\/span><\/span> mais<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> tiendrons<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> aujourd’hui.<\/span><\/span> Notre<\/span><\/span> M\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> tous,<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Nature,<\/span><\/span> a invent\u00e9 aussi bien <\/span><\/span>d’autres mol\u00e9cules <\/span><\/span>fort <\/span><\/span>utiles, <\/span><\/span>par <\/span><\/span>exemple <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>graisses, <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>vitamines, etc.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

A<\/span><\/span> partir<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> moment<\/span><\/span> o\u00f9<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> deux<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8mes<\/span><\/span> linguistiques,<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> deux<\/span><\/span> alphabets<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> invent\u00e9s,<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> somme<\/span><\/span> quelques<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> simples,<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> bases<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’ADN<\/span><\/span> d’une<\/span><\/span> part,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> vingt<\/span><\/span> acides<\/span><\/span> amin\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> d’autre<\/span><\/span> part,<\/span><\/span> commence<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> autre<\/span><\/span> histoire,<\/span><\/span> l’histoire<\/span><\/span> naturelle<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> esp\u00e8ces<\/span><\/span> vivantes.<\/span><\/span> En<\/span><\/span> effet,<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> l’avons<\/span><\/span> not\u00e9<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9j\u00e0,<\/span><\/span> tous<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> \u00eatres<\/span><\/span> vivants,<\/span><\/span> depuis<\/span><\/span> environ<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> d’ann\u00e9es,<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crits<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> compos\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> deux<\/span><\/span> alphabets,<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8mes<\/span><\/span> linguistiques.<\/span><\/span> Les<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> messag\u00e8res<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> contiennent<\/span><\/span> l’information<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> vivant<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crites<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments<\/span><\/span> arrang\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> trois<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> trois.<\/span><\/span> Toutes<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> tous<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> \u00eatres<\/span><\/span> vivants<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crites<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> linguistique des vingt <\/span><\/span>acides amin\u00e9s <\/span><\/span>rang\u00e9s dans des <\/span><\/span>compositions diverses, command\u00e9es <\/span><\/span>par<\/span><\/span> les <\/span><\/span>instructions <\/span><\/span>qui <\/span><\/span>proviennent <\/span><\/span>du <\/span><\/span>noyau <\/span><\/span>de la <\/span><\/span>cellule, <\/span><\/span>l\u00e0 o\u00f9 <\/span><\/span>loge <\/span><\/span>l’information <\/span><\/span>g\u00e9n\u00e9tique initiale.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Au cours du <\/span><\/span>temps, <\/span><\/span>au cours de l’histoire naturelle, au cours de ce que <\/span><\/span>les<\/span><\/span> biologistes<\/span><\/span> appellent <\/span><\/span>l’\u00e9volution<\/span><\/span> biologique,<\/span><\/span> l’information<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span><\/span> augmente.<\/span><\/span> Elle<\/span><\/span> augmente d’une <\/span><\/span>mani\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9guli\u00e8re, constante, continue <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e. <\/span><\/span>Pour <\/span><\/span>commander <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 la <\/span><\/span>construction, <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 la <\/span><\/span>constitution de<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8mes biologiques relativement simples, <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>premiers <\/span><\/span>\u00eatres vivants, <\/span><\/span>constitu\u00e9s <\/span><\/span>d’une seule <\/span><\/span>cellule,<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> y<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> environ<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> d’ann\u00e9es,<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> fallait<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> certaine<\/span><\/span> quantit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> d’information,<\/span><\/span> inscrite<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cule<\/span><\/span> d’une<\/span><\/span> certaine<\/span><\/span> taille.<\/span><\/span> Pour<\/span><\/span> commander<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> constitution<\/span><\/span> d’\u00eatres<\/span><\/span> vivants<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> compliqu\u00e9s,<\/span><\/span> constitu\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> cellules<\/span><\/span> diff\u00e9renci\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es,<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> travaillent<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> accord<\/span><\/span> entre<\/span><\/span> elles,<\/span><\/span> il a fallu des messages g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques plus riches en information, plus compliqu\u00e9s, et donc plus<\/span><\/span> longs.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Au<\/span><\/span> cours<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> temps,<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> cours<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’histoire<\/span><\/span> naturelle,<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> cours<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’\u00e9volution,<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> messages<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques<\/span><\/span> augmentent<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> taille,<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> richesse,<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> contenu.<\/span><\/span> Le<\/span><\/span> message<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’homme,<\/span><\/span> celui<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> pelotonn\u00e9<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> t\u00eate<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> spermatozo\u00efde,<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> noyau<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’ovule,<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> riche<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> information<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> message<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’amibe,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> bact\u00e9rie,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’\u00e9ponge<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9duse.<\/span><\/span> Plus<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> biologique<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> complexe,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> message<\/span><\/span> initial<\/span><\/span> devait<\/span><\/span> \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> riche<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> information.<\/span><\/span> L’histoire<\/span><\/span> naturelle des<\/span><\/span> esp\u00e8ces<\/span><\/span> vivantes,<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> certains<\/span><\/span> appellent<\/span><\/span> l’\u00e9volution,<\/span><\/span> c’est<\/span><\/span> tout<\/span><\/span> d’abord<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> croissance de l’information au cours du<\/span><\/span> temps.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’Homme, celui que les pal\u00e9ontologistes appellent sans rire l’Homo <\/span><\/span>sapiens sapiens,<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> apparu<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> y<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> environ<\/span><\/span> 100<\/span><\/span> 000<\/span><\/span> ans,<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> terme<\/span><\/span> d’un<\/span><\/span> processus<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l’on<\/span><\/span> appelle<\/span><\/span> l’anthropogen\u00e8se,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> se poursuit depuis <\/span><\/span>plusieurs <\/span><\/span>millions <\/span><\/span>d’ann\u00e9es. <\/span><\/span>On voit <\/span><\/span>l’Homme <\/span><\/span>se <\/span><\/span>former petit <\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/span><\/span> petit,<\/span><\/span> progressivement,<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> partir<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> formes<\/span><\/span> ant\u00e9rieures.<\/span><\/span> L’Homme<\/span><\/span> moderne,<\/span><\/span> l’Homme<\/span><\/span> actuel,<\/span><\/span> est <\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> animal<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> son<\/span><\/span> cerveau<\/span><\/span> cent<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> deux<\/span><\/span> cents<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> neurones,<\/span><\/span> arrang\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> entre<\/span><\/span> eux,<\/span><\/span> reli\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> entre<\/span><\/span> eux<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> milliers<\/span><\/span> d’interconnexion, \u00e9changeant <\/span><\/span>des<\/span><\/span> messages, <\/span><\/span>des<\/span><\/span> instructions, <\/span><\/span>des<\/span><\/span> impressions, <\/span><\/span>des d\u00e9cisions,<\/span><\/span> etc.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le<\/span><\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> pos\u00e9<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> donc<\/span><\/span> simple.<\/span><\/span> L’aventure<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> vie<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> venons<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9couvrir<\/span><\/span> depuis un si\u00e8cle environ, cette aventure qui dure depuis environ quatre milliards d’ann\u00e9es, et qui<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> conduit<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> vie<\/span><\/span> depuis<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> organismes<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> simples,<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8mes<\/span><\/span> biologiques<\/span><\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires, <\/span><\/span>les<\/span><\/span> monocellulaires,<\/span><\/span> jusqu’aux<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8mes<\/span><\/span> biologiques<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> compliqu\u00e9s,<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> cerveau<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’Homme<\/span><\/span> \u2014<\/span><\/span> c’est<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> connaissons<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> heure<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> compliqu\u00e9<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> l’Univers<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> c’est<\/span><\/span> donc<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> nous connaissons le moins bien, \u2014 cette aventure est-elle unique ? Cette <\/span><\/span>aventure<\/span><\/span> s’est-elle<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9ploy\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> notre<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> solaire<\/span><\/span> seulement,<\/span><\/span> uniquement<\/span><\/span> ?<\/span><\/span> Ou<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> l’aventure<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> vie<\/span><\/span> s’est-elle<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9ploy\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> millions<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8mes<\/span><\/span> solaires,<\/span><\/span> ailleurs<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> notre<\/span><\/span> Galaxie,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> d’autres galaxies<\/span><\/span> ?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c9vry<\/span><\/span> Schatzman,<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> son<\/span><\/span> livre,<\/span><\/span> Les<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Enfants<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>d’Uranie,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>analyse<\/span><\/span> fort<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> probl\u00e8me,<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> l’examinant<\/span><\/span> sous<\/span><\/span> toutes<\/span><\/span> ses<\/span><\/span> faces,<\/span><\/span> sous<\/span><\/span> toutes<\/span><\/span> ses<\/span><\/span> coutures.<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> fait<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> calculs<\/span><\/span> savants.<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> tient<\/span><\/span> compte<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> fait<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> n’importe<\/span><\/span> quel<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> solaire<\/span><\/span> n’est<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> capable<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> supporter<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> aventure.<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> faut<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l’\u00e9toile<\/span><\/span> suppos\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> soit<\/span><\/span> ni<\/span><\/span> trop<\/span><\/span> chaude<\/span><\/span> ni<\/span><\/span> trop<\/span><\/span> faible.<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> faut<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> sa<\/span><\/span> dur\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> vie<\/span><\/span> soit<\/span><\/span> suffisante,<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> vie<\/span><\/span> ait<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> temps<\/span><\/span> d’appara\u00eetre,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9velopper,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9ployer,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> parvenir,<\/span><\/span> depuis<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> micro-organismes<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> simples,<\/span><\/span> jusqu’\u00e0<\/span><\/span> l’Homme.<\/span><\/span> \u00c9vry<\/span><\/span> Schatzman<\/span><\/span> analyse<\/span><\/span> fort<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> toutes<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> donn\u00e9es physiques. <\/span><\/span>On ne <\/span><\/span>peut pas <\/span><\/span>faire mieux <\/span><\/span>en ce <\/span><\/span>moment. <\/span><\/span>C’est fait de main de ma\u00eetre.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mais nous <\/span><\/span>allons <\/span><\/span>voir dans notre prochaine <\/span><\/span>chronique <\/span><\/span>que des <\/span><\/span>probl\u00e8mes <\/span><\/span>philosophiques<\/span><\/span> s’en<\/span><\/span> m\u00ealent, qui vont compliquer les donn\u00e9es du probl\u00e8me et de l’analyse du<\/span><\/span> probl\u00e8me.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

* <\/b><\/span><\/span> <\/b>*<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nous avons vu dans notre chronique pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente combien l’excellent livre d’\u00c9vry<\/span><\/span> Schatzman,<\/span><\/span> Les<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Enfants<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>d’Uranie,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>analyse<\/span><\/span> bien,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> main<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> ma\u00eetre,<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> donn\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> physique,<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> donn\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> physiques<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> probl\u00e8me.<\/span><\/span> Compte<\/span><\/span> tenu<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> savons<\/span><\/span> aujourd’hui<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’Univers<\/span><\/span> et de son <\/span><\/span>histoire, <\/span><\/span>de sa <\/span><\/span>constitution <\/span><\/span>et de son <\/span><\/span>\u00e9volution, <\/span><\/span>compte <\/span><\/span>tenu de ce que nous<\/span><\/span> savons<\/span><\/span> aujourd’hui<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’histoire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> vie,<\/span><\/span> quelles<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> chances,<\/span><\/span> quelles<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> probabilit\u00e9s,<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> vie<\/span><\/span> soit<\/span><\/span> apparue<\/span><\/span> ailleurs<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> l’Univers,<\/span><\/span> soit<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> notre<\/span><\/span> propre<\/span><\/span> Galaxie,<\/span><\/span> constitu\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> d’environ<\/span><\/span> cent<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> d’\u00e9toiles,<\/span><\/span> soit<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> d’autres<\/span><\/span> galaxies<\/span><\/span> ?<\/span><\/span> Schatzman<\/span><\/span> analyse<\/span><\/span> fort<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> conditions<\/span><\/span> physiques qui sont requises pour que la vie apparaisse dans une plan\u00e8te, pour qu’elle puisse<\/span><\/span> s’y<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9velopper, et parvenir jusqu’aux formes<\/span><\/span> pensantes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La<\/span><\/span> philosophie<\/span><\/span> intervient<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> affaire<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> fait<\/span><\/span> qu’il<\/span><\/span> existe<\/span><\/span> non<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> seule,<\/span><\/span> mais<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> moins deux <\/span><\/span>\u00e9coles mat\u00e9rialistes, <\/span><\/span>sans <\/span><\/span>compter <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>autres qui ne sont pas mat\u00e9rialistes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Il <\/span><\/span>existe <\/span><\/span>une \u00e9cole <\/span><\/span>mat\u00e9rialiste, <\/span><\/span>qui <\/span><\/span>remonte <\/span><\/span>aux <\/span><\/span>anciens philosophes mat\u00e9rialistes<\/span><\/span> grecs,<\/span><\/span> D\u00e9mocrite,<\/span><\/span> Leucippe,<\/span><\/span> etc.,<\/span><\/span> selon<\/span><\/span> laquelle<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> vie<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> l’\u0153uvre<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> hasard.<\/span><\/span> Le<\/span><\/span> hasard<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> mot<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> veut<\/span><\/span> rien<\/span><\/span> dire,<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> signifie<\/span><\/span> rien,<\/span><\/span> mais<\/span><\/span> dont<\/span><\/span> on<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> sert<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> dire<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> exemple<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> si<\/span><\/span> je<\/span><\/span> rencontre<\/span><\/span> mon<\/span><\/span> ami<\/span><\/span> Jules<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> P\u00e9kin<\/span><\/span> alors<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> \u00e9tions<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> vus<\/span><\/span> depuis<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> ann\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> \u00e9tions<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> donn\u00e9<\/span><\/span> rendez-vous,<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crions<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> ch\u0153ur<\/span><\/span> :<\/span><\/span> Quel<\/span><\/span> hasard<\/span><\/span> !<\/span><\/span> Cela<\/span><\/span> signifie<\/span><\/span> tout<\/span><\/span> simplement<\/span><\/span> :<\/span><\/span> Nous<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> \u00e9tions<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> donn\u00e9<\/span><\/span> rendez-vous.<\/span><\/span> Cette<\/span><\/span> rencontre<\/span><\/span> n’est<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> fait<\/span><\/span> d’une<\/span><\/span> intention de notre part. Si mon <\/span><\/span>ami <\/span><\/span>Jules m’explique qu’il travaille \u00e0 <\/span><\/span>l’Ambassade <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>France <\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> P\u00e9kin,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> si<\/span><\/span> moi-m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> je<\/span><\/span> suis<\/span><\/span> invit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> l’Ambassade<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> exemple<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> faire<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> causerie,<\/span><\/span> alors<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> hasard<\/span><\/span> s’explique,<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9sout,<\/span><\/span> dispara\u00eet.<\/span><\/span> Nous<\/span><\/span> retrouvons<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> causalit\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> tout<\/span><\/span> s’explique.<\/span><\/span> Nous<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> parlons<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> hasard.<\/span><\/span> Le<\/span><\/span> mot<\/span><\/span> hasard<\/span><\/span> signifie<\/span><\/span> tout<\/span><\/span> simplement<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> connaissons<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> causalit\u00e9,<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison<\/span><\/span> d’\u00eatre,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> que,<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> premi\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> approximation,<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> n’y<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> d’intention.<\/span><\/span> Si<\/span><\/span> je<\/span><\/span> re\u00e7ois<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> pot<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> fleurs<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> t\u00eate<\/span><\/span> lanc\u00e9<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> l’un<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> mes<\/span><\/span> ennemis,<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> n’est<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> hasard,<\/span><\/span> parce<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> c’est<\/span><\/span> intentionnel.<\/span><\/span> Si<\/span><\/span> c’est<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> vent,<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> fait<\/span><\/span> tomber<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> pot<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> fleurs<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> rue<\/span><\/span> alors<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> personne<\/span><\/span> n’y<\/span><\/span> passe, <\/span><\/span>nous ne <\/span><\/span>voyons pas <\/span><\/span>l\u00e0 de hasard. Si je passe et si je <\/span><\/span>re\u00e7ois <\/span><\/span>le pot de fleurs sur la <\/span><\/span>t\u00eate, <\/span><\/span>je<\/span><\/span> parle<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> hasard,<\/span><\/span> si<\/span><\/span> je<\/span><\/span> peux<\/span><\/span> encore<\/span><\/span> parler,<\/span><\/span> parce<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l’\u00e9v\u00e9nement<\/span><\/span> n’a<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> causalit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> intentionnelle<\/span><\/span> apparente.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Il<\/span><\/span> existe<\/span><\/span> donc<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> savants<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> tr\u00e8s<\/span><\/span> grand<\/span><\/span> nombre,<\/span><\/span> surtout<\/span><\/span> aux<\/span><\/span> \u00c9tats-Unis<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> France,<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> pensent que la vie est apparue sur la Terre par hasard. Entendez par l\u00e0 que les <\/span><\/span>atomes <\/span><\/span>se<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> arrang\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> tout<\/span><\/span> seuls<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> chance<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> y<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> eu<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> jour,<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> mare<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> canards<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> laquelle<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> n’y<\/span><\/span> avait<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> encore<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> canard,<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cule<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9ante<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> contenait<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> message,<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> message<\/span><\/span> prodigieux<\/span><\/span> puisque<\/span><\/span> c’\u00e9tait<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> message<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> contenait<\/span><\/span> toutes<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> instructions<\/span><\/span> requises<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> construire<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> biologique<\/span><\/span> tel<\/span><\/span> qu’il<\/span><\/span> n’y<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> avait<\/span><\/span> jamais<\/span><\/span> eu<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> l’Univers.<\/span><\/span> Un<\/span><\/span> message<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crit<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> linguistique<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments,<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> bases<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’ADN.<\/span><\/span> \u2014<\/span><\/span> Dans<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> mare<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> canards<\/span><\/span> sans<\/span><\/span> canard,<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> moment,<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> lieu,<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> seconde,<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> goutte,<\/span><\/span> \u00f4<\/span><\/span> mieux<\/span><\/span> aim\u00e9e,<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> seconde<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cule<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9ante,<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crite<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> alphabet<\/span><\/span> constitu\u00e9<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> vingt<\/span><\/span> acides<\/span><\/span> amin\u00e9s…<\/span><\/span> Et<\/span><\/span> puis,<\/span><\/span> toujours<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> grand<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> hasards,<\/span><\/span> \u00f4<\/span><\/span> mieux<\/span><\/span> aim\u00e9e,<\/span><\/span> toutes<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> requises<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> petite<\/span><\/span> goutte<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> mette<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> vivre…<\/span><\/span> Le<\/span><\/span> premier<\/span><\/span> \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> vivant<\/span><\/span> \u00e9tait<\/span><\/span> apparu<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> hasard,<\/span><\/span> c’est-\u00e0-<\/span><\/span>dire qu’aucune intention n’a pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 \u00e0 son<\/span><\/span> existence.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Alors, <\/span><\/span>\u00f4 <\/span><\/span>mieux <\/span><\/span>aim\u00e9e, <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>partir <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>ce premier \u00eatre vivant, <\/span><\/span>par un <\/span><\/span>processus <\/span><\/span>de copie,<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> messages<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques<\/span><\/span> ont<\/span><\/span> augment\u00e9<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> science<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> sagesse.<\/span><\/span> Supposons,<\/span><\/span> \u00f4<\/span><\/span> mieux<\/span><\/span> aim\u00e9e,<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> tu<\/span><\/span> sois<\/span><\/span> dactylo. Tu recopies <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 longueur de journ\u00e9e des lettres, des factures, des documents,<\/span><\/span> etc.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Lorsque<\/span><\/span> tu<\/span><\/span> commets<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> erreur<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> copie,<\/span><\/span> ton<\/span><\/span> patron<\/span><\/span> te<\/span><\/span> fait<\/span><\/span> corriger<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> recommencer.<\/span><\/span> Parce<\/span><\/span> qu’il <\/span><\/span>y a une erreur de copie, alors il y a contresens ou non-sens. \u2014 Les biologistes<\/span><\/span> contemporains,<\/span><\/span> am\u00e9ricains, anglais, fran\u00e7ais ou autres qui professent cette int\u00e9ressante th\u00e9orie<\/span><\/span> philosophique,<\/span><\/span> estiment<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cule<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> contient<\/span><\/span> l’information<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique,<\/span><\/span> lorsqu’elle<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> recopie<\/span><\/span> elle-m\u00eame,<\/span><\/span> commet<\/span><\/span> parfois<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> erreurs<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> copie.<\/span><\/span> Et<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> erreurs<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> copie<\/span><\/span> qui,<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> cours<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> millions<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> si\u00e8cles<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> ont<\/span><\/span> pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9,<\/span><\/span> ont<\/span><\/span> invent\u00e9<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> messages<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques<\/span><\/span> requis<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> cr\u00e9ation<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’\u0153il,<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> nerveux,<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> tous<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> autres<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8mes<\/span><\/span> biologiques<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> ont<\/span><\/span> \u00e9t\u00e9<\/span><\/span> invent\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> depuis<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> milliards d’ann\u00e9es. Ainsi toi, \u00f4 mieux aim\u00e9e, tu es le r\u00e9sultat d’une foule d’erreurs de copie.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les <\/span><\/span>savants <\/span><\/span>qui <\/span><\/span>professent <\/span><\/span>cette th\u00e9orie du <\/span><\/span>hasard, <\/span><\/span>cette th\u00e9orie selon laquelle la vie<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> apparue<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> hasard<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> terre,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> l’invention<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> nouveaux<\/span><\/span> messages<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> aussi<\/span><\/span> l’\u0153uvre<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> hasard,<\/span><\/span> \u2014<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> savants<\/span><\/span> ont<\/span><\/span> parfois<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> Prix<\/span><\/span> Nobel.<\/span><\/span> Ils<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> donc<\/span><\/span> tr\u00e8s<\/span><\/span> instruits.<\/span><\/span> Ils<\/span><\/span> connaissent<\/span><\/span> tr\u00e8s<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> l’infinie<\/span><\/span> complexit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> d’un<\/span><\/span> seul<\/span><\/span> \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> vivant,<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> simple,<\/span><\/span> constitu\u00e9<\/span><\/span> d’une<\/span><\/span> seule<\/span><\/span> cellule.<\/span><\/span> Ils<\/span><\/span> savent<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> probabilit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> obtenir<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> hasard<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> merveilleuses<\/span><\/span> inventions<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8mes<\/span><\/span> linguistiques,<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9antes,<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> d’auto<\/span><\/span> duplication,<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> transmission<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’information,<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> traduction<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’information,<\/span><\/span> \u2014<\/span><\/span> ils<\/span><\/span> savent<\/span><\/span> fort<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> probabilit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> infiniment<\/span><\/span> petite.<\/span><\/span> Les<\/span><\/span> anciens<\/span><\/span> philosophes<\/span><\/span> grecs<\/span><\/span> s’accordaient,<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> leur<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9orie,<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> temps<\/span><\/span> infini,<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> espace<\/span><\/span> infini,<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> quantit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> infinie.<\/span><\/span> Nous,<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> disposons,<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> faire<\/span><\/span> nos<\/span><\/span> calculs<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> chances,<\/span><\/span> d’un<\/span><\/span> temps<\/span><\/span> fini<\/span><\/span> :<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> temps,<\/span><\/span> l’\u00e2ge<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> notre<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> solaire<\/span><\/span> ;<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> d’un<\/span><\/span> espace<\/span><\/span> fini,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> d’une<\/span><\/span> quantit\u00e9 de mati\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> finie.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les <\/span><\/span>savants <\/span><\/span>qui <\/span><\/span>professent <\/span><\/span>que la vie <\/span><\/span>est apparue <\/span><\/span>par <\/span><\/span>hasard sur notre <\/span><\/span>plan\u00e8te <\/span><\/span>la<\/span><\/span> Terre,<\/span><\/span> professent aussi, <\/span><\/span>le plus souvent, que la vie <\/span><\/span>n’est <\/span><\/span>apparue qu’une seule fois dans<\/span><\/span> l’Univers,<\/span><\/span> pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment dans notre syst\u00e8me solaire, et qu’il n’y a donc pas pluralit\u00e9 des mondes habit\u00e9s.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les<\/span><\/span> savants<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> appartiennent<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> l’\u00e9cole<\/span><\/span> marxiste,<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> contraire,<\/span><\/span> professent<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> vie<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> pens\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> apparues<\/span><\/span> dans l’Univers<\/span><\/span> partout<\/span><\/span> o\u00f9<\/span><\/span> cela<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> possible<\/span><\/span> physiquement,<\/span><\/span> parce <\/span><\/span>que<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> savants<\/span><\/span> marxistes,<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> exemple<\/span><\/span> Oparine,<\/span><\/span> n’acceptent<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> tout<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9orie<\/span><\/span> anglo-saxonne<\/span><\/span> selon<\/span><\/span> laquelle<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> vie<\/span><\/span> serait<\/span><\/span> apparue<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> hasard<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> l’Univers<\/span><\/span> physique.<\/span><\/span> Le<\/span><\/span> marxisme<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9orie<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> R\u00e9el,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9orie<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> R\u00e9el<\/span><\/span> comporte<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> Philosophie<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Nature<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> Philosophie<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’Histoire.<\/span><\/span> Selon<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Philosophie<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Nature<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Marx<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> son<\/span><\/span> ami<\/span><\/span> Engels,<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Nature<\/span><\/span> \u00e9ternelle,<\/span><\/span> incr\u00e9\u00e9e,<\/span><\/span> produit<\/span><\/span> seule,<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> ses<\/span><\/span> seules<\/span><\/span> ressources,<\/span><\/span> tout<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> appara\u00eet<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> l’histoire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’Univers.<\/span><\/span> La<\/span><\/span> vie<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> pens\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> donc<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> accidents<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> l’histoire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’Univers.<\/span><\/span> La<\/span><\/span> vie<\/span><\/span> et la <\/span><\/span>pens\u00e9e <\/span><\/span>apparaissent partout o\u00f9 les conditions physiques sont r\u00e9alis\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Voil\u00e0 donc deux <\/span><\/span>\u00e9coles <\/span><\/span>mat\u00e9rialistes <\/span><\/span>qui <\/span><\/span>s’affrontent violemment, <\/span><\/span>des fr\u00e8res ennemis.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mais, me direz-vous, et ceux qui ne sont pas mat\u00e9rialistes, que pensent-ils ? Ceux qui <\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> mat\u00e9rialistes<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> croient<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> l’histoire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> production<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> hasard<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> instant<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> endroit<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> biologiques.<\/span><\/span> Ils<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> croient<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> non<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> seul<\/span><\/span> mot<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’histoire<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> erreurs<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> copie<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> inventent<\/span><\/span> l’\u0152il,<\/span><\/span> le <\/span><\/span>Syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> nerveux,<\/span><\/span> etc.<\/span><\/span> Ils<\/span><\/span> pensent<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l’histoire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l’Univers<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Nature<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> histoire<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> \u00e9t\u00e9<\/span><\/span> pens\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> actuellement<\/span><\/span> pens\u00e9e.<\/span><\/span> C’est<\/span><\/span> donc<\/span><\/span> justement<\/span><\/span> le contraire<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> hasard.<\/span><\/span> S’il<\/span><\/span> y<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> pens\u00e9e,<\/span><\/span> alors<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> n’y<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> hasard.<\/span><\/span> Et<\/span><\/span> si<\/span><\/span> c’est<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> hasard,<\/span><\/span> alors<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> n’y<\/span><\/span> a pas de<\/span><\/span> pens\u00e9e.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Et donc il <\/span><\/span>n’y <\/span><\/span>a aucune raison de <\/span><\/span>supposer <\/span><\/span>que la vie soit <\/span><\/span>apparue <\/span><\/span>seulement dans<\/span><\/span> notre<\/span><\/span> microscopique syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> solaire.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Comme \u00c9vry Schatzman <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>souligne justement <\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span>dans l’\u00e9tat actuel des <\/span><\/span>choses, nous<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> connaissons<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> vie<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> pens\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> seul<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> :<\/span><\/span> notre<\/span><\/span> minuscule<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> solaire.<\/span><\/span> La<\/span><\/span> question<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> donc<\/span><\/span> enti\u00e8rement<\/span><\/span> ouverte.<\/span><\/span> A<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>priori<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/span><\/span> probabilit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> faveur<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> pluralit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> mondes habit\u00e9s. Mais de fait nous n’en connaissons qu’un<\/span><\/span> seul.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Extrait de <\/span><\/span>La<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Voix<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>du<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Nord,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>23,<\/span><\/span> 29<\/span><\/span> ao\u00fbt<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> 3<\/span><\/span> septembre<\/span><\/span> 1986.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c9vry Schatzman est directeur de recherche au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, membre de l’Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences, l’un des ma\u00eetres de l’Astrophysique th\u00e9orique contemporaine. Il est donc bien pr\u00e9par\u00e9 pour traiter ce probl\u00e8me c\u00e9l\u00e8bre. Il vient de le faire dans un petit livre qui fait le point de la question, d’une mani\u00e8re scientifique : […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":17574,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1419],"tags":[223,971,108,928,298],"class_list":["post-19182","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tresmontant-claude","tag-biologie","tag-complexite","tag-evolution","tag-information","tag-materialisme"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLa pluralit\u00e9 des mondes habit\u00e9s par Claude Tresmontant - 3e mill\u00e9naire - Spiritualit\u00e9 - Connaissance de soi - Non-dualit\u00e9 - M\u00e9ditation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revue3emillenaire.com\/blog\/la-pluralite-des-mondes-habites-par-claude-tresmontant\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La pluralit\u00e9 des mondes habit\u00e9s par Claude Tresmontant - 3e mill\u00e9naire - Spiritualit\u00e9 - Connaissance de soi - Non-dualit\u00e9 - M\u00e9ditation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00c9vry Schatzman est directeur de recherche au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, membre de l’Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences, l’un des ma\u00eetres de l’Astrophysique th\u00e9orique contemporaine. 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