{"id":19340,"date":"2023-06-16T01:59:43","date_gmt":"2023-06-16T00:59:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.revue3emillenaire.com\/blog\/?p=19340"},"modified":"2023-06-16T01:59:43","modified_gmt":"2023-06-16T00:59:43","slug":"la-cellule-par-claude-tresmontant-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revue3emillenaire.com\/blog\/la-cellule-par-claude-tresmontant-2\/","title":{"rendered":"La cellule par Claude Tresmontant"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les <\/span><\/span>Am\u00e9ricains <\/span><\/span>ont <\/span><\/span>publi\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>en <\/span><\/span>1983 <\/span><\/span>un <\/span><\/span>ouvrage collectif <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>monumental <\/span><\/span>intitul\u00e9<\/span><\/span> Molecular<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>biology<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ofthe<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>cell.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Les<\/span><\/span> \u00e9ditions<\/span><\/span> Flammarion<\/span><\/span> ont<\/span><\/span> eu<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> bonne<\/span><\/span> id\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> faire<\/span><\/span> traduire<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> publier<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> traduction<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> somme<\/span><\/span> sous<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> titre<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span> Biologie<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>mol\u00e9culaire<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Cellule.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Plus<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> 1150<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>pages\u2026<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> y a quelques ann\u00e9es, ici m\u00eame, dans une chronique publi\u00e9e par <\/span><\/span>La Voix du Nord <\/i><\/span><\/span>(cf. <\/span><\/span>p.\u00a0287),<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> avions<\/span><\/span> pr\u00e9sent\u00e9<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> merveilleuse<\/span><\/span> collection<\/span><\/span> M\u00e9thodes<\/span><\/span> publi\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> Hermann,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> ouvrages<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Durand et Favard, consacr\u00e9s \u00e0 La Cellule\u00a0; l\u2019ouvrage de Berkaloff, Bourguet et Favard, <\/span><\/span>Biologie<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>physiologie<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>cellulaires.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>\u2014<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Mais<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> domaine<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> biologie<\/span><\/span> fondamentale,<\/span><\/span> comme<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> astrophysique<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> physique,<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> faut<\/span><\/span> lire<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> trait\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> fur<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> mesure<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019ils<\/span><\/span> paraissent,<\/span><\/span> afin<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> suivre<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> progr\u00e8s<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> recherche.<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> existe<\/span><\/span> trois<\/span><\/span> domaines<\/span><\/span> o\u00f9<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> progr\u00e8s<\/span><\/span> ont<\/span><\/span> \u00e9t\u00e9<\/span><\/span> \u00e9blouissants<\/span><\/span> depuis<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9but<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> si\u00e8cle,<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> physique,<\/span><\/span> l\u2019astrophysique,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> biologie<\/span><\/span> fondamentale,<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> biochimie.<\/span><\/span> L\u2019ouvrage<\/span><\/span> publi\u00e9<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> 1986<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> \u00e9ditions<\/span><\/span> Flammarion<\/span><\/span> permet<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> lecteur<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> langue<\/span><\/span> fran\u00e7aise <\/span><\/span>de se tenir au courant de l\u2019\u00e9tat des recherches dans ce domaine.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dans<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> chronique<\/span><\/span> ant\u00e9rieure,<\/span><\/span> consacr\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Univers,<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> avions<\/span><\/span> rappel\u00e9<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> grande<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9couverte,<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9couverte<\/span><\/span> principale,<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> XX<\/span><\/span>e<\/span><\/span><\/sup>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle,<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> fait<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> sommes<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> Univers<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9gime<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> gen\u00e8se,<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> Univers<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> \u00e9volution,<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> Univers<\/span><\/span> historique,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> orient\u00e9.<\/span><\/span> Gr\u00e2ce<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> l\u2019\u00e9tude<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> pouvons<\/span><\/span> maintenant<\/span><\/span> effectuer<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019histoire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Univers<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Nature,<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> pouvons <\/span><\/span>nous<\/span><\/span> faire<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> id\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019a<\/span><\/span> \u00e9t\u00e9<\/span><\/span> l\u2019histoire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Cr\u00e9ation.<\/span><\/span> L\u2019histoire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Univers<\/span><\/span> s\u2019effectue<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> \u00e9tapes.<\/span><\/span> Nous<\/span><\/span> assistons<\/span><\/span> tout<\/span><\/span> d\u2019abord<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> gen\u00e8se<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> formation<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> mati\u00e8re,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> physicien<\/span><\/span> appelle<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> mati\u00e8re,<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> partir<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> rayonnement<\/span><\/span> initial.<\/span><\/span> La<\/span><\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> premi\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Univers,<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> lumi\u00e8re.<\/span><\/span> C\u2019est<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> partir<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> lumi\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> forment<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> compositions<\/span><\/span> physiques<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> appelons<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> atomes,<\/span><\/span> nom<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> mal<\/span><\/span> venu,<\/span><\/span> puisque<\/span><\/span> pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment<\/span><\/span> depuis<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9but<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> si\u00e8cle,<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> physiciens<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9couvrent<\/span><\/span> presque<\/span><\/span> chaque<\/span><\/span> semaine<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> complications<\/span><\/span> nouvelles<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> constitution <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>cette composition <\/span><\/span>complexe qui est l\u2019atome, et le noyau de l\u2019atome.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Au cours du temps, pendant quelques milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es, nous assistons \u00e0 la<\/span><\/span> composition<\/span><\/span> d\u2019atomes de plus en plus<\/span><\/span> complexes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ce qui est remarquable, c\u2019est que cette \u00e9volution de la mati\u00e8re n\u2019est pas <\/span><\/span>ind\u00e9finie. Elle<\/span><\/span> s\u2019arr\u00eate ou se termine \u00e0 la <\/span><\/span>constitution <\/span><\/span>d\u2019une <\/span><\/span>centaine <\/span><\/span>d\u2019esp\u00e8ces<\/span><\/span> d\u2019atomes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Apr\u00e8s cette \u00e9volution physique, <\/span><\/span>ou <\/span><\/span>constitution <\/span><\/span>des <\/span><\/span>atomes <\/span><\/span>de plus en plus compliqu\u00e9s,<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> l\u2019int\u00e9rieur<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> \u00e9toiles,<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> assistons<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> autre<\/span><\/span> aventure,<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> autre<\/span><\/span> histoire<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span> l\u2019histoire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> composition<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> atomes<\/span><\/span> entre<\/span><\/span> eux<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> constituer<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>;<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> puis<\/span><\/span> l\u2019histoire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> composition<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> entre<\/span><\/span> elles,<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> constituer<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> macromol\u00e9cules,<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9antes,<\/span><\/span> constitu\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules <\/span><\/span>plus<\/span><\/span> petites.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ce qui est <\/span><\/span>remarquable, <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>nouveau, <\/span><\/span>c\u2019est que <\/span><\/span>l\u2019histoire <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>cette <\/span><\/span>composition mol\u00e9culaire<\/span><\/span> non<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> n\u2019est<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> ind\u00e9finie.<\/span><\/span> Elle<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> termine<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> l\u2019invention<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> quelques<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> fondamentales,<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> lesquelles <\/span><\/span>toutes <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>autres, <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>mol\u00e9cules g\u00e9antes, sont compos\u00e9es <\/span><\/span>ou <\/span><\/span>constitu\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ainsi <\/span><\/span>il <\/span><\/span>existe quatre mol\u00e9cules fondamentales <\/span><\/span>qui vont servir \u00e0 la <\/span><\/span>composition <\/span><\/span>de<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> portent<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> supportent<\/span><\/span> l\u2019information<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9tique.<\/span><\/span> Les<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> comme<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> t\u00e9l\u00e9grammes<\/span><\/span> contenant<\/span><\/span> toutes<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> informations<\/span><\/span> requises<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> constituer<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> vivant,<\/span><\/span> sont \u00e9crites avec quatre <\/span><\/span>mol\u00e9cules fondamentales <\/span><\/span>arrang\u00e9es trois par<\/span><\/span> trois.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Il <\/span><\/span>existe <\/span><\/span>une <\/span><\/span>vingtaine <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>mol\u00e9cules fondamentales, <\/span><\/span>les acides <\/span><\/span>amin\u00e9s, avec <\/span><\/span>lesquelles<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> compos\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crites<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9antes,<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> cha\u00eenes<\/span><\/span> d\u2019acides<\/span><\/span> amin\u00e9s,<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> diverses<\/span><\/span> prot\u00e9ines.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Et<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> existe<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> lexique,<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> permet<\/span><\/span> d\u2019\u00e9tablir<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> correspondance,<\/span><\/span> entre<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> langue<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> linguistique<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments,<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> celui<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> acides<\/span><\/span> nucl\u00e9iques,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> langue<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> linguistique<\/span><\/span> utilisant<\/span><\/span> vingt<\/span><\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments,<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> vingt<\/span><\/span> acides<\/span><\/span> amin\u00e9s,<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> lequel<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crites,<\/span><\/span> depuis<\/span><\/span> plusieurs<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> d\u2019ann\u00e9es,<\/span><\/span> toutes<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> tous<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> \u00eatres<\/span><\/span> vivants.<\/span><\/span> En<\/span><\/span> effet<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span><\/span> hautement<\/span><\/span> complexes,<\/span><\/span> constitu\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> d\u2019acides<\/span><\/span> amin\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> arrang\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> certain<\/span><\/span> ordre,<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> arrang\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> conform\u00e9ment<\/span><\/span> aux<\/span><\/span> ordres<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> aux<\/span><\/span> instructions<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> leur<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> transmises<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> communiqu\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> acides<\/span><\/span> nucl\u00e9iques<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> noyau<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> cellule.<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> faut<\/span><\/span> donc<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> y<\/span><\/span> ait<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> correspondance<\/span><\/span> entre<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> deux<\/span><\/span> langues<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> deux<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8mes<\/span><\/span> linguistiques,<\/span><\/span> celui<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> acides<\/span><\/span> nucl\u00e9iques<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> celui<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> prot\u00e9ines.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

A<\/span><\/span> partir<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> moment<\/span><\/span> o\u00f9<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Nature<\/span><\/span> \u2014<\/span><\/span> appelons-la<\/span><\/span> ainsi<\/span><\/span> provisoirement,<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> sera<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> la\u00efc<\/span><\/span> \u2014<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> invent\u00e9<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules fondamentales <\/span><\/span>et<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> leur<\/span><\/span> arrangement<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9antes, <\/span><\/span>les<\/span><\/span> acides<\/span><\/span> nucl\u00e9iques<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> prot\u00e9ines,<\/span><\/span> commence<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> autre<\/span><\/span> histoire,<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> relaie<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> histoires<\/span><\/span> pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span> l\u2019histoire<\/span><\/span> naturelle<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> esp\u00e8ces<\/span><\/span> vivantes,<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l\u2019on<\/span><\/span> appelle<\/span><\/span> aussi<\/span><\/span> l\u2019\u00e9volution<\/span><\/span> biologique.<\/span><\/span> Et<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> zoologistes<\/span><\/span> observent<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> l\u2019histoire<\/span><\/span> naturelle<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> esp\u00e8ces<\/span><\/span> vivantes,<\/span><\/span> on<\/span><\/span> constate<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne, <\/span><\/span>ou la <\/span><\/span>m\u00eame <\/span><\/span>loi, du relais\u00a0: <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>groupes zoologiques se relaient les uns <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>autres,<\/span><\/span> jusqu\u2019\u00e0<\/span><\/span> l\u2019apparition du dernier animal paru dans notre syst\u00e8me solaire, l\u2019Homme.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sa<\/span><\/span> Majest\u00e9<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Cellule<\/span><\/span> appara\u00eet<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> y<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> trois<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> d\u2019ann\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> notre<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> solaire. Nous nous gardons bien de dire\u00a0: <\/span><\/span>dans <\/span><\/span>l\u2019Univers. Puisque nous avons vu dans une<\/span><\/span> chronique ant\u00e9rieure que la question reste totalement ouverte de savoir si la vie est<\/span><\/span> apparue<\/span><\/span> seulement<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> notre<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> solaire,<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> si<\/span><\/span> elle<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> apparue<\/span><\/span> aussi<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> d\u2019autres <\/span><\/span>syst\u00e8mes<\/span><\/span> solaires<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> notre<\/span><\/span> propre<\/span><\/span> Galaxie<\/span><\/span> \u2014<\/span><\/span> cent<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> deux<\/span><\/span> cents<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> d\u2019\u00e9toiles<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>;<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> encore<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> d\u2019autres<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8mes solaires d\u2019autres galaxies dans<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Univers.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

* *<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>*<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sa<\/span><\/span> Majest\u00e9<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Cellule<\/span><\/span> appara\u00eet<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> y<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> trois<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> quatre<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> d\u2019ann\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> notre<\/span><\/span> propre<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> solaire.<\/span><\/span> Si<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> lecteur<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> langue<\/span><\/span> fran\u00e7aise<\/span><\/span> veut<\/span><\/span> savoir<\/span><\/span> comment<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> constitu\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> cellule,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> quoi<\/span><\/span> elle<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> faite,<\/span><\/span> comment<\/span><\/span> elle<\/span><\/span> fonctionne,<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> peut<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> profit<\/span><\/span> lire<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> monumental<\/span><\/span> ouvrage<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> pr\u00e9sentons,<\/span><\/span> Biologie<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>mol\u00e9culaire<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Cellule.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Il<\/span><\/span> y<\/span><\/span> trouvera<\/span><\/span> tout<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l\u2019on<\/span><\/span> sait,<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> 1986,<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> fondamentales<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> constituent<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Cellule,<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> acides<\/span><\/span> nucl\u00e9iques,<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> structure<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> prot\u00e9ines, les fonctions des prot\u00e9ines, le fonctionnement des cellules,<\/span><\/span> etc.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La Cellule, dans l\u2019histoire de l\u2019Univers et de la nature, est quelque chose de nouveau, de<\/span><\/span> tout<\/span><\/span> nouveau. La Cellule est un \u00eatre, c\u2019est une substance, et c\u2019est m\u00eame un psychisme. Le<\/span><\/span> premier<\/span><\/span> psychisme<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> apparu,<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> notre<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> solaire,<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> premi\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> cellule,<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> premier<\/span><\/span> \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> monocellulaire ou<\/span><\/span> unicellulaire.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Une substance, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire un \u00eatre qui subsiste, alors qu\u2019il renouvelle constamment la<\/span><\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> int\u00e8gre<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> informe.<\/span><\/span> Car<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> mati\u00e8re,<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> atomes,<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> cellule,<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> restent<\/span><\/span> pas fixes <\/span><\/span>comme <\/span><\/span>les pierres <\/span><\/span>de nos maisons. Pas du tout. La mati\u00e8re entre et sort. Elle<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Cellule.<\/span><\/span> Elle<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> transform\u00e9e,<\/span><\/span> modifi\u00e9e.<\/span><\/span> Les<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> int\u00e9gr\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> \u2014<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est<\/span><\/span> l\u2019alimentation<\/span><\/span> \u2014<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> choisies,<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9mont\u00e9es,<\/span><\/span> remont\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span> Et<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> convient<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Cellule,<\/span><\/span> cela<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> rejet\u00e9,<\/span><\/span> \u00e9limin\u00e9.<\/span><\/span> La<\/span><\/span> Cellule<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> Monade,<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> parler<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> langage<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Leibniz.<\/span><\/span> La<\/span><\/span> premi\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> Cellule<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Univers<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> premi\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> substance,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> premi\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> substance<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> aussi<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> premier<\/span><\/span> psychisme.<\/span><\/span> Tout<\/span><\/span> psychisme<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> substance.<\/span><\/span> Et<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> permis<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> demander<\/span><\/span> si<\/span><\/span> toute<\/span><\/span> substance<\/span><\/span> n\u2019est pas un<\/span><\/span> psychisme.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Vous <\/span><\/span>pouvez utiliser <\/span><\/span>si <\/span><\/span>vous <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>voulez <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>terme <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>substance <\/span><\/span>pour <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9signer telle <\/span><\/span>ou<\/span><\/span> telle<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cule,<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> tel<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> tel<\/span><\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ment,<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> baguette<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> pain,<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> motte<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> beurre.<\/span><\/span> Mais<\/span><\/span> vous<\/span><\/span> voyez<\/span><\/span> aussit\u00f4t<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> mot<\/span><\/span> substance<\/span><\/span> n\u2019a<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> alors<\/span><\/span> son<\/span><\/span> sens<\/span><\/span> fort.<\/span><\/span> Car<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> baguette<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> pain,<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> motte<\/span><\/span> de beurre,<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> moteur<\/span><\/span> d\u2019avion,<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> agr\u00e9gats,<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> assemblages<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> mat\u00e9riaux<\/span><\/span> divers.<\/span><\/span> Ce<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> substances<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> sens<\/span><\/span> propre<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> fort<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> terme.<\/span><\/span> Ce<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> unit\u00e9s.<\/span><\/span> Toute<\/span><\/span> substance<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> unit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> suffit<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> elle-m\u00eame,<\/span><\/span> quoiqu\u2019elle<\/span><\/span> ait<\/span><\/span> besoin<\/span><\/span> d\u2019autre<\/span><\/span> chose<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019elle<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> nourrir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Non<\/span><\/span> seulement<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Cellule<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> substance<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> renouvelle<\/span><\/span> constamment<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> stock<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019elle<\/span><\/span> incorpore,<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019elle<\/span><\/span> assimile,<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> sorte<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> existe<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> distinction<\/span><\/span> \u00e9vidente<\/span><\/span> entre<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> forme<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Cellule,<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> subsiste,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> mati\u00e8re,<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> constamment<\/span><\/span> chang\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> renouvel\u00e9e.<\/span><\/span> Mais<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Cellule, qui choisit intelligemment ses aliments au-dehors, dans le <\/span><\/span>milieu <\/span><\/span>o\u00f9 elle <\/span><\/span>est <\/span><\/span>plong\u00e9e\u00a0;<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> transforme<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019elle<\/span><\/span> assimile<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>;<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> \u00e9limine<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> lui<\/span><\/span> convient<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>;<\/span><\/span> \u2014<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>la<\/span><\/span> Cellule<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> aussi<\/span><\/span> capable<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rer<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> elle<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> capable<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> reproduire.<\/span><\/span> Elle<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> centre<\/span><\/span> d\u2019activit\u00e9.<\/span><\/span> C\u2019est<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9but<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> conscience <\/span><\/span>dans <\/span><\/span>l\u2019Univers, <\/span><\/span>bien avant <\/span><\/span>l\u2019invention <\/span><\/span>du syst\u00e8me nerveux.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Une arm\u00e9e de savants, et plusieurs sont pourvus du Prix Nobel, \u00e9tudient <\/span><\/span>en <\/span><\/span>ce <\/span><\/span>moment<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> merveille<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019est<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Cellule<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> capable<\/span><\/span> d\u2019assimiler,<\/span><\/span> d\u2019\u00e9liminer,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> transformer,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> gu\u00e9rir,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> reproduire<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>;<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> fait<\/span><\/span> constamment<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> synth\u00e8se<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> ses<\/span><\/span> propres<\/span><\/span> \u00e9l\u00e9ments,<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> partir <\/span><\/span>des<\/span><\/span> mat\u00e9riaux<\/span><\/span> ext\u00e9rieurs<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>;<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> capable<\/span><\/span> d\u2019action.<\/span><\/span> Mais<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> entendu<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> sommes<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> capables,<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> laboratoire,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> fabriquer,<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> recopiant<\/span><\/span> comme<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> cancres<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Nature,<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> seule<\/span><\/span> cellule<\/span><\/span> vivante,<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire<\/span><\/span> capable<\/span><\/span> d\u2019activit\u00e9.<\/span><\/span> Dans<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> chronique<\/span><\/span> ant\u00e9rieure<\/span><\/span> consacr\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> Hasard,<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> avons<\/span><\/span> fait<\/span><\/span> observer<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l\u2019analyse<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> totalement<\/span><\/span> renouvel\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9couvertes<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> cosmologie,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> physique,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> biochimie.<\/span><\/span> Les<\/span><\/span> anciens<\/span><\/span> philosophes<\/span><\/span> grecs,<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> exemple<\/span><\/span> D\u00e9mocrite,<\/span><\/span> s\u2019imaginaient<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019ils<\/span><\/span> pouvaient<\/span><\/span> s\u2019accorder<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> temps<\/span><\/span> infini,<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> espace<\/span><\/span> infini,<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> quantit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> infinie<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> mati\u00e8re.<\/span><\/span> Nous<\/span><\/span> savons<\/span><\/span> maintenant<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> faut<\/span><\/span> analyser<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> tenant<\/span><\/span> compte<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> fait<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> notre<\/span><\/span> Soleil<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> \u00e2g\u00e9<\/span><\/span> d\u2019\u00e0<\/span><\/span> peu<\/span><\/span> pr\u00e8s<\/span><\/span> cinq<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> d\u2019ann\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span> Nous<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> disposons<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> d\u2019un<\/span><\/span> temps<\/span><\/span> infini,<\/span><\/span> ni<\/span><\/span> d\u2019une<\/span><\/span> quantit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> infinie<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> mati\u00e8re,<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> faire<\/span><\/span> nos<\/span><\/span> calculs.<\/span><\/span> \u2014<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>De<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> venons<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9couvrir<\/span><\/span> l\u2019infinie<\/span><\/span> complexit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> d\u2019une<\/span><\/span> seule<\/span><\/span> cellule<\/span><\/span> vivante,<\/span><\/span> \u2014<\/span><\/span> complexit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> Anciens<\/span><\/span> ne <\/span><\/span>soup\u00e7onnaient <\/span><\/span>pas, parce <\/span><\/span>qu\u2019ils n\u2019avaient pas les moyens techniques de la<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9couvrir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dans<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> si\u00e8cles<\/span><\/span> pass\u00e9s,<\/span><\/span> lorsqu\u2019on<\/span><\/span> traitait<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> c\u00e9l\u00e8bre<\/span><\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> hasard,<\/span><\/span> on<\/span><\/span> avait<\/span><\/span> l\u2019habitude<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> prendre<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> exemple<\/span><\/span> simple.<\/span><\/span> Supposons<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> livre<\/span><\/span> comme<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Odyss\u00e9e<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ou<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Iliade,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>compos\u00e9<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> caract\u00e8res<\/span><\/span> d\u2019imprimerie<\/span><\/span> comme<\/span><\/span> on<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> utilisait dans<\/span><\/span> les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations<\/span><\/span> pass\u00e9es,<\/span><\/span> des <\/span><\/span>caract\u00e8res<\/span><\/span> d\u2019imprimerie disjoints que l\u2019on composait \u00e0 la main. On posait la question <\/span><\/span>suivante\u00a0<\/span><\/span>: Si l\u2019on jette en<\/span><\/span> l\u2019air<\/span><\/span> quelques<\/span><\/span> centaines<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> millions<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> caract\u00e8res<\/span><\/span> d\u2019imprimerie,<\/span><\/span> combien<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> temps<\/span><\/span> faudra-t-il<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> obtenir<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9thode,<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> composition<\/span><\/span> telle<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> celle<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> constitue<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Odyss\u00e9e<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Iliade<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span>?<\/span><\/span> Les<\/span><\/span> math\u00e9maticiens<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> livraient<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> savants<\/span><\/span> calculs.<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> \u00e9vident<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> l\u2019information<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> riche<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> complexe,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> probabilit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> d\u2019obtenir<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> hasard<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> message<\/span><\/span> quelconque<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> petite.<\/span><\/span> \u2014<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00c9mile<\/span><\/span> Borel,<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> son<\/span><\/span> c\u00e9l\u00e8bre<\/span><\/span> livre<\/span><\/span> consacr\u00e9<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> Hasard,<\/span><\/span> avait<\/span><\/span> pris<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> autre<\/span><\/span> exemple.<\/span><\/span> Supposons<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l\u2019on<\/span><\/span> ait<\/span><\/span> dress\u00e9<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> million<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> singes<\/span><\/span> anthropo\u00efdes<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> singes<\/span><\/span> sup\u00e9rieurs<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> frapper<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> hasard<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> touches<\/span><\/span> d\u2019une<\/span><\/span> machine<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crire,<\/span><\/span> sous<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> haute<\/span><\/span> surveillance<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> contrema\u00eetres<\/span><\/span> illettr\u00e9s.<\/span><\/span> Au<\/span><\/span> bout<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> quelque<\/span><\/span> temps,<\/span><\/span> on<\/span><\/span> ramasse<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> papiers.<\/span><\/span> Si<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> tas<\/span><\/span> vous<\/span><\/span> trouvez<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> contenu<\/span><\/span> d\u2019un<\/span><\/span> livre<\/span><\/span> tel<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Iliade<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ou<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Odyss\u00e9e, <\/i><\/span><\/span>alors <\/span><\/span>vous <\/span><\/span>aurez r\u00e9alis\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>miracle <\/span><\/span>des <\/span><\/span>singes dactylographes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mais<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> venons<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> voir<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019en<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> maintenant<\/span><\/span> beaucoup<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> complexe.<\/span><\/span> Nos <\/span><\/span>Anciens <\/span><\/span>se <\/span><\/span>demandaient quelle <\/span><\/span>est la probabilit\u00e9 d\u2019obtenir par hasard, en jetant en l\u2019air des<\/span><\/span> caract\u00e8res<\/span><\/span> d\u2019imprimerie,<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> livre<\/span><\/span> tel<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Odyss\u00e9e<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ou<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Iliade<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/span><\/span> ils<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> livraient<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> calculs<\/span><\/span> savants<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9pondre<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> question.<\/span><\/span> \u2014<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Mais<\/span><\/span> ils<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> donnaient<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> accord\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> l\u2019existence<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> langue<\/span><\/span> grecque<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> laquelle,<\/span><\/span> initialement,<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Iliade<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Odyss\u00e9e<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ont<\/span><\/span> \u00e9t\u00e9<\/span><\/span> compos\u00e9es,<\/span><\/span> non<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> hasard,<\/span><\/span> mais<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> po\u00e8tes<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9nie<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>!<\/span><\/span> Nous,<\/span><\/span> lorsque<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> traitons<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019origine<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> vie,<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> fin <\/span><\/span>du <\/span><\/span>XX<\/span><\/span>e\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle, <\/span><\/span>nous <\/span><\/span>devons nous <\/span><\/span>demander quelle <\/span><\/span>est <\/span><\/span>la probabilit\u00e9 d\u2019obtenir par hasard ces mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9antes<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> entrent<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> constitution<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> cellule<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> simple,<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> moment,<\/span><\/span> au <\/span><\/span>m\u00eame <\/span><\/span>instant, <\/span><\/span>dans <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>m\u00eame <\/span><\/span>lieu. <\/span><\/span>Mais <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>plus nous <\/span><\/span>devons <\/span><\/span>nous <\/span><\/span>demander <\/span><\/span>quelle est la probabilit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> d\u2019obtenir<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> hasard<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> langue<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> laquelle<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crits<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> acides<\/span><\/span> nucl\u00e9iques,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> langue<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> laquelle<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crites<\/span><\/span> toutes<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> nature,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> Lexique,<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> correspondance<\/span><\/span> constante<\/span><\/span> entre<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> langue<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> acides<\/span><\/span> nucl\u00e9iques,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> langue<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> prot\u00e9ines<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>!<\/span><\/span> Tout<\/span><\/span> cela par pur<\/span><\/span> hasard\u2026<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Et<\/span><\/span> lorsqu\u2019on<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9dit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> analys\u00e9<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> probl\u00e8me,<\/span><\/span> on<\/span><\/span> n\u2019a<\/span><\/span> quasiment<\/span><\/span> rien<\/span><\/span> fait.<\/span><\/span> Car<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> n\u2019est<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> rendre<\/span><\/span> compte<\/span><\/span> d\u2019une<\/span><\/span> composition<\/span><\/span> comme<\/span><\/span> celle<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Odyss\u00e9e<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ou<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Iliade,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>apr\u00e8s<\/span><\/span> s\u2019\u00eatre<\/span><\/span> accord\u00e9<\/span><\/span> l\u2019existence<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> langue<\/span><\/span> grecque.<\/span><\/span> Le<\/span><\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> rendre<\/span><\/span> compte<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019existence<\/span><\/span> d\u2019un<\/span><\/span> \u00eatre,<\/span><\/span> d\u2019une<\/span><\/span> substance,<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> sujet<\/span><\/span> d\u2019activit\u00e9.<\/span><\/span> Et<\/span><\/span> cet<\/span><\/span> \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> psychisme<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>!<\/span><\/span> L\u2019Odyss\u00e9e<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Iliade<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ne<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> \u00eatres.<\/span><\/span> Ce<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> substances.<\/span><\/span> Elles<\/span><\/span> n\u2019ont<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> d\u2019activit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> propre.<\/span><\/span> Elles<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9agissent pas lorsqu\u2019on les pique\u00a0! Elles ne renouvellent pas la mati\u00e8re qu\u2019elles int\u00e8grent. <\/span><\/span>Elles<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> se r\u00e9parent pas. Elles ne se <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9veloppent pas. <\/span><\/span>Le <\/span><\/span>moindre <\/span><\/span>des <\/span><\/span>vivants, <\/span><\/span>le plus simple<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> monocellulaires<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> capable<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> faire<\/span><\/span> tout<\/span><\/span> cela.<\/span><\/span> Par<\/span><\/span> cons\u00e9quent,<\/span><\/span> lorsqu\u2019on<\/span><\/span> s\u2019est<\/span><\/span> livr\u00e9<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> tous<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> calculs<\/span><\/span> math\u00e9matiques<\/span><\/span> portant<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> probabilit\u00e9s,<\/span><\/span> on<\/span><\/span> n\u2019a<\/span><\/span> m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> effleur\u00e9<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9el<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span> comment<\/span><\/span> comprendre<\/span><\/span> l\u2019existence<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Univers<\/span><\/span> d\u2019un<\/span><\/span> \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> capable<\/span><\/span> d\u2019assimiler,<\/span><\/span> d\u2019\u00e9liminer,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9parer,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9velopper, de se reproduire<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pendant<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> milliard<\/span><\/span> d\u2019ann\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> moins,<\/span><\/span> probablement<\/span><\/span> davantage,<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> monocellulaires,<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> \u00eatres<\/span><\/span> vivants<\/span><\/span> constitu\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> d\u2019une<\/span><\/span> seule<\/span><\/span> cellule,<\/span><\/span> recouvrent<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> plan\u00e8te.<\/span><\/span> Ce<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9j\u00e0<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> psychismes.<\/span><\/span> Le<\/span><\/span> premier psychisme <\/span><\/span>appara\u00eet avec le premier vivant.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Plus<\/span><\/span> tard<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> cellules<\/span><\/span> s\u2019associent<\/span><\/span> entre<\/span><\/span> elles,<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> constituer<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8mes<\/span><\/span> biologiques,<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> \u00eatres<\/span><\/span> vivants,<\/span><\/span> qui sont<\/span><\/span> form\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> cellules<\/span><\/span> sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> travaillent<\/span><\/span> ensemble.<\/span><\/span> Toutes<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> cellules<\/span><\/span> sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> diff\u00e9renci\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> issues<\/span><\/span> d\u2019une<\/span><\/span> seule<\/span><\/span> cellule<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span> l\u2019\u0153uf<\/span><\/span> f\u00e9cond\u00e9.<\/span><\/span> Une<\/span><\/span> cellule,<\/span><\/span> fournie<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> p\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> cellule,<\/span><\/span> fournie<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> m\u00e8re,<\/span><\/span> cela<\/span><\/span> donne<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> cellule.<\/span><\/span> Et<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> cellule<\/span><\/span> unique<\/span><\/span> devient<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> cellules<\/span><\/span> diff\u00e9renci\u00e9es,<\/span><\/span> sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> travaillent<\/span><\/span> ensemble.<\/span><\/span> Telle<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> l\u2019arithm\u00e9tique<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> vie<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span> 1<\/span><\/span> +<\/span><\/span> 1<\/span><\/span> =<\/span><\/span> 1<\/span><\/span> =<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> milliards.<\/span><\/span> Ce<\/span><\/span> n\u2019est<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> l\u2019arithm\u00e9tique des objets<\/span><\/span> inanim\u00e9s.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Il faut donc admettre qu\u2019avec l\u2019apparition des organismes pluricellulaires, <\/span><\/span>c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire <\/span><\/span>des<\/span><\/span> \u00eatres<\/span><\/span> vivants<\/span><\/span> constitu\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> milliards<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> cellules<\/span><\/span> diff\u00e9renci\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es,<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> nouveau<\/span><\/span> probl\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9taphysique<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> pr\u00e9sente<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span> celui<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> composition<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> substances<\/span><\/span> entre<\/span><\/span> elles.<\/span><\/span> Probl\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> \u00e9t\u00e9<\/span><\/span> vu<\/span><\/span> et trait\u00e9 par<\/span><\/span> Leibniz.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Non<\/span><\/span> seulement<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Cellule<\/span><\/span> sait<\/span><\/span> renouveler<\/span><\/span> constamment<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019elle<\/span><\/span> int\u00e8gre,<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019elle<\/span><\/span> informe, tout en restant elle-m\u00eame\u00a0; non seulement elle sait se transformer, se reproduire,<\/span><\/span> s\u2019adapter.<\/span><\/span> Mais<\/span><\/span> elle<\/span><\/span> sait<\/span><\/span> aussi<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9fendre<\/span><\/span> contre<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> agressions<\/span><\/span> ext\u00e9rieures.<\/span><\/span> Elle<\/span><\/span> sait<\/span><\/span> inventer,<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> fur<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> mesure<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> ses<\/span><\/span> besoins,<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/span> nouvelles,<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019information<\/span><\/span> nouvelle,<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9pondre<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> l\u2019agression<\/span><\/span> constitu\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> l\u2019inoculation<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> poisons,<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> l\u2019infection<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> virus<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> bact\u00e9ries.<\/span><\/span> La<\/span><\/span> Cellule<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9niale.<\/span><\/span> Elle<\/span><\/span> sait<\/span><\/span> faire<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> sommes<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> capables<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> reproduire,<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> copiant<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> elle,<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> tous<\/span><\/span> nos<\/span><\/span> laboratoires<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> tous<\/span><\/span> nos<\/span><\/span> Prix<\/span><\/span> Nobel.<\/span><\/span> Et<\/span><\/span> elle<\/span><\/span> n\u2019a<\/span><\/span> pas,<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> premiers milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es, de <\/span><\/span>syst\u00e8me <\/span><\/span>nerveux. Il a donc exist\u00e9 un <\/span><\/span>psychisme <\/span><\/span>sans<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> nerveux.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le <\/span><\/span>psychisme<\/span><\/span> existait<\/span><\/span> dans <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>Nature<\/span><\/span> avant<\/span><\/span> l\u2019invention<\/span><\/span> du <\/span><\/span>syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/span> nerveux, qui<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> relativement<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9cente.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Comme <\/span><\/span>nous le disions en <\/span><\/span>terminant <\/span><\/span>notre <\/span><\/span>pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente chronique <\/span><\/span>consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019Univers, ce<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> faut<\/span><\/span> pr\u00e9senter<\/span><\/span> aux<\/span><\/span> enfants<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> nos<\/span><\/span> lyc\u00e9es,<\/span><\/span> d\u00e8s<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> classe<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> 6<\/span><\/span>e<\/span><\/span><\/sup>, <\/span><\/span>c\u2019est<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Univers<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> son<\/span><\/span> histoire,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> sa<\/span><\/span> Majest\u00e9<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Cellule.<\/span><\/span> Comme<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> remarquent<\/span><\/span> justement<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> auteurs<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> grand<\/span><\/span> trait\u00e9<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> avons<\/span><\/span> l\u2019honneur <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>pr\u00e9senter, <\/span><\/span>toute <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>Biologie moderne <\/span><\/span>est <\/span><\/span>fond\u00e9e <\/span><\/span>sur <\/span><\/span>la connaissance de la Cellule.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Extrait de <\/span><\/span>La Voix du Nord, 2 et 11\u00a0novembre 1986.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les Am\u00e9ricains ont publi\u00e9 en 1983 un ouvrage collectif et monumental intitul\u00e9 Molecular biology ofthe cell. Les \u00e9ditions Flammarion ont eu la bonne id\u00e9e de faire traduire et de publier la traduction de cette somme sous le titre\u00a0: Biologie mol\u00e9culaire de la Cellule. Plus de 1150\u00a0pages\u2026 Il y a quelques ann\u00e9es, ici m\u00eame, dans une […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":17574,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1419],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19340","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tresmontant-claude"],"yoast_head":"\nLa cellule par Claude Tresmontant - 3e mill\u00e9naire - Spiritualit\u00e9 - Connaissance de soi - Non-dualit\u00e9 - M\u00e9ditation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revue3emillenaire.com\/blog\/la-cellule-par-claude-tresmontant-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La cellule par Claude Tresmontant - 3e mill\u00e9naire - Spiritualit\u00e9 - Connaissance de soi - Non-dualit\u00e9 - M\u00e9ditation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Les Am\u00e9ricains ont publi\u00e9 en 1983 un ouvrage collectif et monumental intitul\u00e9 Molecular biology ofthe cell. 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