{"id":20414,"date":"2025-01-22T17:51:30","date_gmt":"2025-01-22T16:51:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.revue3emillenaire.com\/blog\/?p=20414"},"modified":"2025-01-22T17:51:30","modified_gmt":"2025-01-22T16:51:30","slug":"le-christianisme-et-la-raison-par-claude-tresmontant","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revue3emillenaire.com\/blog\/le-christianisme-et-la-raison-par-claude-tresmontant\/","title":{"rendered":"Le christianisme et la raison par Claude Tresmontant"},"content":{"rendered":"

Conf\u00e9rence donn\u00e9e \u00e0 Notre-Dame de Paris le 6\u00a0novembre<\/i><\/span> <\/i>1977.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Le <\/span><\/span>christianisme<\/span><\/span> orthodoxe<\/span><\/span> a <\/span><\/span>toujours<\/span><\/span> pens\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>profess\u00e9<\/span><\/span> que <\/span><\/span>l\u2019existence <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>Dieu<\/span><\/span> est <\/span><\/span>connaissable<\/span><\/span> d\u2019une<\/span><\/span> mani\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> certaine<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> l\u2019intelligence<\/span><\/span> humaine,<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> partir<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> cr\u00e9ation,<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> partir<\/span><\/span> du monde<\/span><\/span> physique<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> tout<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> renferme,<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> partir<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> nature.<\/span><\/span> Autrement<\/span><\/span> dit,<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> cr\u00e9ation,<\/span><\/span> l\u2019univers cr\u00e9\u00e9, sont <\/span><\/span>manifestation <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>Dieu, <\/span><\/span>sa <\/span><\/span>premi\u00e8re manifestation <\/span><\/span>pour nous, <\/span><\/span>et notre<\/span><\/span> intelligence <\/span><\/span>peut<\/span><\/span> aller<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> manifestation<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> Celui<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> manifeste<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> elle,<\/span><\/span> comme<\/span><\/span> elle<\/span><\/span> peut<\/span><\/span> aller<\/span><\/span> d\u2019une<\/span><\/span> cantate <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>Bach <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>son <\/span><\/span>auteur. Une <\/span><\/span>cantate de Bach prouve l\u2019existence de son auteur, m\u00eame si<\/span><\/span> celui-<\/span><\/span>ci<\/span><\/span> n\u2019est<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> visible<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> elle<\/span><\/span> permet,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> plus,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> conna\u00eetre<\/span><\/span> quelque<\/span><\/span> chose<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> nature<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> son<\/span><\/span> auteur.<\/span><\/span> Elle <\/span><\/span>ne <\/span><\/span>permet <\/span><\/span>pas une <\/span><\/span>connaissance exhaustive <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>son <\/span><\/span>auteur, <\/span><\/span>car <\/span><\/span>Jean-S\u00e9bastien <\/span><\/span>Bach<\/span><\/span> peut<\/span><\/span> composer<\/span><\/span> d\u2019autres<\/span><\/span> cantates,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> fait<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> compos\u00e9<\/span><\/span> plusieurs,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> d\u2019autres<\/span><\/span> compositions<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> a exprim\u00e9 quelque chose de lui-m\u00eame <\/span><\/span>qu\u2019il n\u2019avait <\/span><\/span>pas <\/span><\/span>manifest\u00e9 auparavant. <\/span><\/span>De <\/span><\/span>m\u00eame <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>cr\u00e9ation<\/span><\/span> de <\/span><\/span>Dieu manifeste <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>Compositeur incr\u00e9\u00e9, <\/span><\/span>qui est <\/span><\/span>l\u2019auteur <\/span><\/span>de cette <\/span><\/span>composition <\/span><\/span>qui est la <\/span><\/span>cr\u00e9ation,<\/span><\/span> mais la <\/span><\/span>cr\u00e9ation <\/span><\/span>n\u2019\u00e9puise <\/span><\/span>pas <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>Cr\u00e9ateur <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>nous <\/span><\/span>ne <\/span><\/span>pouvons <\/span><\/span>pas tout <\/span><\/span>savoir <\/span><\/span>du <\/span><\/span>Cr\u00e9ateur incr\u00e9\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>partir<\/span><\/span> de <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>cr\u00e9ation, <\/span><\/span>tout <\/span><\/span>simplement parce <\/span><\/span>que <\/span><\/span>cette cr\u00e9ation, d\u2019ailleurs inachev\u00e9e, <\/span><\/span>ne <\/span><\/span>manifeste <\/span><\/span>pas <\/span><\/span>toutes<\/span><\/span> les richesses <\/span><\/span>ni <\/span><\/span>toute <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>puissance <\/span><\/span>du<\/span><\/span> Cr\u00e9ateur.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La<\/span><\/span> connaissance<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Dieu<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> partir<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> cr\u00e9ation<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> donc<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> connaissance<\/span><\/span> certaine,<\/span><\/span> bien fond\u00e9e,<\/span><\/span> authentique,<\/span><\/span> mais<\/span><\/span> incompl\u00e8te.<\/span><\/span> C\u2019est<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> P\u00e8res<\/span><\/span> veulent<\/span><\/span> dire<\/span><\/span> lorsqu\u2019ils<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9p\u00e8tent<\/span><\/span> que Dieu est incompr\u00e9hensible. Cela ne signifie pas qu\u2019il soit inconnaissable, bien au contraire,<\/span><\/span> mais cela<\/span><\/span> signifie<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> connaissance<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> pouvons<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> prendre<\/span><\/span> n\u2019\u00e9puise<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> l\u2019infinie<\/span><\/span> richesse<\/span><\/span> du Cr\u00e9ateur<\/span><\/span> incr\u00e9\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u2019est<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> doctrine<\/span><\/span> constante<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> toute<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> tradition<\/span><\/span> h\u00e9bra\u00efque<\/span><\/span> biblique<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> aussi<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> livres<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> langue<\/span><\/span> grecque<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> juda\u00efsme<\/span><\/span> hell\u00e9nistique,<\/span><\/span> tels<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> livre<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Sagesse.<\/span><\/span> C\u2019est<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> doctrine<\/span><\/span> du juda\u00efsme orthodoxe conserv\u00e9e jusqu\u2019aujourd\u2019hui, comme vous pouvez vous en assurer<\/span><\/span> en interrogeant un th\u00e9ologien juif comp\u00e9tent. C\u2019est la doctrine qu\u2019expose le rabbin Schaoul de<\/span><\/span> Tarse,<\/span><\/span> Paul<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> son<\/span><\/span> surnom<\/span><\/span> romain,<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> lettre<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crivit<\/span><\/span> autour<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> ann\u00e9es<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>57<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> notre<\/span><\/span> \u00e8re,<\/span><\/span> aux chr\u00e9tiens de la communaut\u00e9 de<\/span><\/span> Rome.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>col\u00e8re<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Dieu<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>se<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>manifeste<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>du<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ciel<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>sur<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>toute<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>impi\u00e9t\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>injustice<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>des<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>hommes<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>qui retiennent la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 prisonni\u00e8re dans l\u2019injustice. Car ce qui est connaissable de Dieu est<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>manifeste parmi eux. Car Dieu le leur a manifest\u00e9. Car ses propri\u00e9t\u00e9s invisibles <\/i><\/span><\/span>(ou\u00a0: ses<\/span><\/span> caract\u00e8res invisibles), <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 partir de la cr\u00e9ation du monde, sont aper\u00e7ues, discern\u00e9es par l\u2019intelligence, par<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ses \u0153uvres<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span>:<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>\u00e0<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>savoir<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>son<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>\u00e9ternelle<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>puissance<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>sa<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>divinit\u00e9,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>en<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>sorte<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>qu\u2019ils<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>sont<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>inexcusables.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Car ayant connu Dieu, ils ne l\u2019ont pas glorifi\u00e9 comme Dieu, et ils ne lui ont pas rendu gr\u00e2ces, mais<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ils sont<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>devenus<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>stupides<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>en<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>leurs<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>raisonnements<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>leur<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>c\u0153ur<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>sans<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>intelligence<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>s\u2019est<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ent\u00e9n\u00e9br\u00e9.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Pr\u00e9tendant<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>\u00eatre<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>intelligents,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ils<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>sont<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>devenus<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>idiots,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ils<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ont<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>chang\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>gloire<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Dieu<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>invisible pour<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>des<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>repr\u00e9sentations<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>des<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>images<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>d\u2019homme<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>corruptible,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>d\u2019oiseaux,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>quadrup\u00e8des<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ou<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>serpents\u2026<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ce texte a \u00e9t\u00e9 cit\u00e9 des centaines et des centaines de fois par les P\u00e8res grecs et latins, par<\/span><\/span> les plus grands docteurs du Moyen \u00c2ge, Albert le Grand, saint Bonaventure, saint Thomas<\/span><\/span> d\u2019Aquin, Jean<\/span><\/span> Duns<\/span><\/span> Scot.<\/span><\/span> C\u2019est<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> doctrine<\/span><\/span> constante<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> P\u00e8res<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> Docteurs<\/span><\/span> chr\u00e9tiens<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> s\u2019y<\/span><\/span> exprime<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>: l\u2019existence de Dieu est connaissable pour l\u2019intelligence humaine \u00e0 partir de la cr\u00e9ation, \u00e0 partir<\/span><\/span> des \u0153uvres de Dieu, \u00e0 partir de ses po\u00e8mes, <\/span><\/span>ta poi\u00eamata, <\/i><\/span><\/span>comme dit<\/span><\/span> Paul.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La premi\u00e8re fois, \u00e0 ma connaissance du moins, que cette conviction unanime a \u00e9t\u00e9 mise<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> doute<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> question,<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> XIV<\/span><\/span>e<\/span><\/span><\/sup>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle,<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9ologien<\/span><\/span> franciscain<\/span><\/span> Guillaume<\/span><\/span> d\u2019Occam. Guillaume d\u2019Occam, dans certains textes, semble dire que l\u2019existence de Dieu est tenue<\/span><\/span> seulement par la foi, mais n\u2019est pas connaissable par la raison humaine. C\u2019est la premi\u00e8re fois, \u00e0<\/span><\/span> ma connaissance<\/span><\/span> \u2014<\/span><\/span> mais<\/span><\/span> peut-\u00eatre<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> pr\u00e9curseurs<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Guillaume<\/span><\/span> d\u2019Occam<\/span><\/span> m\u2019ont<\/span><\/span> \u00e9chapp\u00e9<\/span><\/span> \u2014 qu\u2019un<\/span><\/span> docteur<\/span><\/span> chr\u00e9tien<\/span><\/span> catholique<\/span><\/span> enseigne<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison<\/span><\/span> humaine<\/span><\/span> n\u2019est<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> capable<\/span><\/span> d\u2019atteindre<\/span><\/span> avec certitude \u00e0 la connaissance de l\u2019existence de Dieu, \u00e0 partir du monde<\/span><\/span> physique.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La doctrine de Guillaume d\u2019Occam est pass\u00e9e chez Martin Luther par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire de<\/span><\/span> son ma\u00eetre<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> philosophie,<\/span><\/span> Gabriel<\/span><\/span> Biel.<\/span><\/span> Mais<\/span><\/span> Martin<\/span><\/span> Luther<\/span><\/span> ajoutait<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9orie<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> connaissance qu\u2019il avait h\u00e9rit\u00e9e de Guillaume d\u2019Occam, une certaine th\u00e9ologie du p\u00e9ch\u00e9 originel, selon<\/span><\/span> laquelle, par le p\u00e9ch\u00e9 originel, la nature humaine est int\u00e9gralement corrompue. Il en r\u00e9sultait que, dans<\/span><\/span> sa pens\u00e9e,<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> puissances<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019\u00e2me,<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> libert\u00e9,<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> aussi<\/span><\/span> int\u00e9gralement<\/span><\/span> corrompues.<\/span><\/span> La raison<\/span><\/span> humaine<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> totalement<\/span><\/span> impuissante<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> conna\u00eetre<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> vrai,<\/span><\/span> elle<\/span><\/span> n\u2019est<\/span><\/span> plus,<\/span><\/span> selon<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> forte expression de Martin Luther, que <\/span><\/span>die\u00a0Hure des Teuffels, <\/i><\/span><\/span>c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire la prostitu\u00e9e du Diable.<\/span><\/span> Elle est,<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> dit<\/span><\/span> Luther<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> d\u2019innombrables<\/span><\/span> textes,<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> abominable<\/span><\/span> prostitu\u00e9e,<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> faut<\/span><\/span> lui<\/span><\/span> jeter<\/span><\/span> des excr\u00e9ments<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> face,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> foi<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> peut<\/span><\/span> subsister<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> si<\/span><\/span> l\u2019on<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9truit<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison<\/span><\/span> humaine,<\/span><\/span> car,<\/span><\/span> dit encore Luther, le dogme est fonci\u00e8rement absurde aux yeux de la<\/span><\/span> raison.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Telle est la doctrine qui va passer chez un philosophe allemand luth\u00e9rien, Emmanuel<\/span><\/span> Kant. C\u2019est<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> dissociation<\/span><\/span> compl\u00e8te<\/span><\/span> entre<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> foi<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison,<\/span><\/span> entre<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> foi<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> l\u2019intelligence,<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> foi<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> la connaissance. C\u2019est cette dissociation que l\u2019on a appel\u00e9e le <\/span><\/span>fid\u00e9isme, <\/i><\/span><\/span>doctrine selon laquelle la<\/span><\/span> foi n\u2019est pas un acte de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019intelligence.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Au XIX<\/span><\/span>e\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle, des courants, des mouvements fid\u00e9istes se sont manifest\u00e9s chez<\/span><\/span> des penseurs<\/span><\/span> catholiques.<\/span><\/span> Ils<\/span><\/span> ont<\/span><\/span> suscit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> d\u00e8s<\/span><\/span> 1840<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9actions<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> part<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> \u00e9v\u00eaques<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> France<\/span><\/span> qui ont<\/span><\/span> demand\u00e9<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> Louis<\/span><\/span> Bautain,<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> exemple,<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> 8<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>septembre<\/span><\/span> 1840,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> vouloir<\/span><\/span> signer<\/span><\/span> les propositions suivantes que les \u00e9v\u00eaques de France estimaient inh\u00e9rentes \u00e0 l\u2019orthodoxie<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Le<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>raisonnement<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>peut<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>prouver<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>avec<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>certitude<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>l\u2019existence<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Dieu<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>l\u2019infinit\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ses perfections. La foi, don du ciel, suppose la r\u00e9v\u00e9lation\u00a0; elle ne peut donc pas convenablement<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>\u00eatre all\u00e9gu\u00e9e vis-\u00e0-vis d\u2019un ath\u00e9e en preuve de l\u2019existence de Dieu.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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  1. \n

    On n\u2019a pas le droit d\u2019attendre d\u2019un incr\u00e9dule qu\u2019il admette la r\u00e9surrection de notre<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>divin<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Sauveur, avant de lui en avoir administr\u00e9 des preuves<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>certaines\u2026<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. \n

    Sur ces questions, la raison pr\u00e9c\u00e8de la foi et doit nous y<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>conduire\u2026<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Le 26\u00a0avril 1844, les \u00e9v\u00eaques de France exigeaient de nouveau de Louis Bautain qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> signe les engagements suivants<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Nous promettons pour aujourd\u2019hui et pour l\u2019avenir<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span>:<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n

      de ne jamais enseigner que, avec les seules lumi\u00e8res de la droite raison, abstraction<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>faite de la r\u00e9v\u00e9lation divine, on ne puisse donner une v\u00e9ritable d\u00e9monstration de l\u2019existence de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Dieu\u00a0;<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    2. \n

      qu\u2019avec<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>raison<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>seule<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>on<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ne<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>puisse<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>d\u00e9montrer<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>spiritualit\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>l\u2019immortalit\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>l\u2019\u00e2me, ou toute autre v\u00e9rit\u00e9 purement naturelle, rationnelle ou<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>morale\u00a0;<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      3.<\/i><\/span><\/span> qu<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span>avec<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>raison<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>seule<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>on<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ne<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>puisse<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>avoir<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>science<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>des<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>principes<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ou<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la m\u00e9taphysique,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ainsi<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>que<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>des<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>v\u00e9rit\u00e9s<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>qui<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>en<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>d\u00e9pendent,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>comme<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>science<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>tout<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>\u00e0<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>fait<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>distincte<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>th\u00e9ologie surnaturelle <\/i><\/span><\/span>qui <\/i><\/span><\/span>se <\/i><\/span><\/span>fonde sur <\/i><\/span><\/span>la <\/i><\/span><\/span>r\u00e9v\u00e9lation<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>divine\u00a0;<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      4. <\/i><\/span><\/span>que <\/i><\/span><\/span>la <\/i><\/span><\/span>raison <\/i><\/span><\/span>ne <\/i><\/span><\/span>puisse acqu\u00e9rir <\/i><\/span><\/span>une vraie <\/i><\/span><\/span>et <\/i><\/span><\/span>pleine <\/i><\/span><\/span>certitude <\/i><\/span><\/span>des <\/i><\/span><\/span>motifs <\/i><\/span><\/span>de <\/i><\/span><\/span>cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>c\u2019est-\u00e0-<\/i><\/span><\/span>dire<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ces<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>motifs<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>qui<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>rendent<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>r\u00e9v\u00e9lation<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>divine<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>\u00e9videmment<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>croyable\u2026<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      En <\/span><\/span>1870, <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>saint <\/span><\/span>concile \u0153cum\u00e9nique <\/span><\/span>du <\/span><\/span>Vatican, r\u00e9uni <\/span><\/span>dans <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>Saint-Esprit, <\/span><\/span>in <\/i><\/span><\/span>Spiritu<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Sancto, <\/i><\/span><\/span>comme tous <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>conciles \u0153cum\u00e9niques, <\/span><\/span>dans <\/span><\/span>sa <\/span><\/span>Constitution dogmatique \u00ab\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Dei f\u00eelius\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span><\/span>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>fide<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>catholica, <\/i><\/span><\/span>d\u00e9clare<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      La<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>m\u00eame<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>sainte<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>m\u00e8re<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>l\u2019\u00c9glise<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>tient<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>enseigne<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>que<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Dieu,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>qui<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>est<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>le<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>principe<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>fin<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>tous<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>les \u00eatres,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>peut<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>\u00eatre<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>connu<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>d\u2019une<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>mani\u00e8re<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>certaine,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>certo<\/span><\/span> cognosci<\/span><\/span> posse,<\/span><\/span> par<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>lumi\u00e8re<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>naturelle<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la <\/i><\/span><\/span>raison<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>humaine,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>naturali<\/span><\/span> humanae<\/span><\/span> rationis<\/span><\/span> lumine,<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>partir<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>des<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>r\u00e9alit\u00e9s<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>cr\u00e9\u00e9es,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>e<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9bus<\/span><\/span> creatis.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Le <\/span><\/span>Concile <\/span><\/span>cite <\/span><\/span>ensuite <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>texte <\/span><\/span>de la <\/span><\/span>lettre <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>Paul aux <\/span><\/span>Romains <\/span><\/span>que <\/span><\/span>je <\/span><\/span>vous <\/span><\/span>ai <\/span><\/span>relu. <\/span><\/span>Le<\/span><\/span> m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> saint <\/span><\/span>concile <\/span><\/span>du <\/span><\/span>Vatican, <\/span><\/span>dans <\/span><\/span>ses <\/span><\/span>Canons, <\/span><\/span>particuli\u00e8rement solennels, <\/span><\/span>s\u2019exprime comme suit<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Si<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>quelqu\u2019un<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>disait<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>que<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Dieu<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>unique<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>v\u00e9ritable,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>le<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Cr\u00e9ateur<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>notre<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Seigneur,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ne<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>peut<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>pas \u00eatre connu <\/i><\/span><\/span>d\u2019une mani\u00e8re certaine, <\/i><\/span><\/span>certo <\/span><\/span>cognosci <\/span><\/span>non <\/span><\/span>posse, <\/span><\/span>par <\/i><\/span><\/span>l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire <\/i><\/span><\/span>des <\/i><\/span><\/span>r\u00e9alit\u00e9s<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>cr\u00e9\u00e9es, <\/i><\/span><\/span>per ea, quae facta <\/span><\/span>sunt, <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/i><\/span><\/span>la <\/i><\/span><\/span>lumi\u00e8re naturelle <\/i><\/span><\/span>de la <\/i><\/span><\/span>raison humaine, <\/i><\/span><\/span>naturali rationis humanae<\/span><\/span> lumine,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      \u2013\u00a0si<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>quelqu\u2019un<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>disait<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>cela,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>alors<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>qu\u2019il<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>soit<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>anath\u00e8me,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>anathema<\/span><\/span> sit,<\/span><\/span> \u2014<\/span><\/span> (c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>qu\u2019il<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>est<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>hors<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>du <\/i><\/span><\/span>Corps <\/i><\/span><\/span>de la <\/i><\/span><\/span>Pens\u00e9e <\/i><\/span><\/span>de <\/i><\/span><\/span>l\u2019\u00c9glise<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>universelle).<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      D\u2019ailleurs,<\/span><\/span> l\u2019ann\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> d\u2019avant,<\/span><\/span> d\u00e8s<\/span><\/span> 1869,<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> cardinal<\/span><\/span> Deschamps,<\/span><\/span> archev\u00eaque<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Malines,<\/span><\/span> l\u2019un<\/span><\/span> des <\/span><\/span>r\u00e9dacteurs<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Constitution<\/span><\/span> dogmatique<\/span><\/span> De<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Fide<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>au<\/span><\/span> premier<\/span><\/span> concile<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> Vatican,<\/span><\/span> \u00e9crivait<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9j\u00e0,<\/span><\/span> \u00e0 propos<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison<\/span><\/span> humaine<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> menaces<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> pesaient<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9j\u00e0<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> elle<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> XIX<\/span><\/span>e<\/span><\/span><\/sup>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      L\u2019infaillibilit\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00c9glise enseignante, dans la conservation du d\u00e9p\u00f4t de la foi, n\u2019est pas<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la seule<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>qui<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>soit<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>m\u00e9connue<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>nos<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>jours,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>dont<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>le<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>concile<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>devra<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>prendre<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>d\u00e9fense.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>L\u2019infaillibilit\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>surnaturelle qui garde fid\u00e8lement au monde, selon les promesses de J\u00e9sus-Christ, la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>v\u00e9rit\u00e9 divinement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9e pr\u00e9suppose l\u2019infaillibilit\u00e9 naturelle ou l\u2019autorit\u00e9 certaine de la raison dans<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>les choses de sa<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>comp\u00e9tence.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Ainsi donc l\u2019\u00c9glise catholique estime et proclame que l\u2019existence de Dieu peut \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> connue d\u2019une<\/span><\/span> mani\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> certaine<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison<\/span><\/span> humaine<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9fl\u00e9chit<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> l\u2019\u0153uvre<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> cr\u00e9ation.<\/span><\/span> Si<\/span><\/span> l\u2019\u00c9glise<\/span><\/span> catholique<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> attendu<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> fin<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> XIX<\/span><\/span>e<\/span><\/span><\/sup>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9finir<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> conviction<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> sienne<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> a toujours<\/span><\/span> \u00e9t\u00e9<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> sienne,<\/span><\/span> depuis<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> commencement<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> son<\/span><\/span> existence<\/span><\/span> (voir<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> lettre<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Paul<\/span><\/span> aux Romains), c\u2019est tout simplement parce qu\u2019au XIX<\/span><\/span>e\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle cette conviction avait \u00e9t\u00e9 mise<\/span><\/span> en question ou en doute, sous l\u2019influence de la philosophie d\u2019Emmanuel Kant et d\u2019Auguste Comte,<\/span><\/span> et de divers courants dits fid\u00e9istes et traditionalistes, qui avaient renonc\u00e9 \u00e0 cet exercice de la<\/span><\/span> raison<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> mati\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9taphysique,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> s\u2019en<\/span><\/span> remettaient<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> foi<\/span><\/span> telle<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019ils<\/span><\/span> l\u2019entendaient<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la tradition, pour ce qui concerne les fondements du monoth\u00e9isme<\/span><\/span> chr\u00e9tien.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Comme<\/span><\/span> vous<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> voyez<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> textes,<\/span><\/span> l\u2019\u00c9glise<\/span><\/span> catholique<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9fend<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> prot\u00e8ge<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> valeur,<\/span><\/span> la dignit\u00e9 et la puissance de la raison humaine contre ceux qui la d\u00e9pr\u00e9cient ou l\u2019ext\u00e9nuent.<\/span><\/span> L\u2019\u00c9glise d\u00e9fend et prot\u00e8ge une r\u00e9alit\u00e9 naturelle, le pouvoir de l\u2019homme d\u2019acc\u00e9der \u00e0 la connaissance du<\/span><\/span> vrai, de ce qui existe, par son<\/span><\/span> intelligence.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Ce<\/span><\/span> n\u2019est<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> premi\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> fois,<\/span><\/span> ni<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> derni\u00e8re,<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l\u2019\u00c9glise<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9fend<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> prot\u00e8ge<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9alit\u00e9s naturelles qui r\u00e9sultent de l\u2019\u0153uvre de la<\/span><\/span> cr\u00e9ation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      \u00c9glise<\/span><\/span> catholique<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> donc<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> certaine<\/span><\/span> id\u00e9e,<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> certaine<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9orie<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison<\/span><\/span> humaine,<\/span><\/span> au moins<\/span><\/span> implicite,<\/span><\/span> puisqu\u2019elle<\/span><\/span> professe<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l\u2019existence<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Dieu<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> connaissable<\/span><\/span> d\u2019une<\/span><\/span> mani\u00e8re certaine<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison<\/span><\/span> humaine,<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> partir<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> cr\u00e9ation.<\/span><\/span> C\u2019est<\/span><\/span> donc<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison<\/span><\/span> humaine<\/span><\/span> est puissante<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> faire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9taphysique,<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> traiter<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9soudre<\/span><\/span> sans<\/span><\/span> trembler,<\/span><\/span> sans<\/span><\/span> h\u00e9siter,<\/span><\/span> un probl\u00e8me m\u00e9taphysique de haute port\u00e9e\u00a0: le probl\u00e8me de l\u2019existence de<\/span><\/span> Dieu.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Je ne vous entra\u00eenerai pas dans l\u2019analyse du probl\u00e8me de la philosophie chr\u00e9tienne, qui a<\/span><\/span> \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9battu<\/span><\/span> autour<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> ann\u00e9es<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>1930<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> philosophes<\/span><\/span> comme<\/span><\/span> \u00c9mile<\/span><\/span> Br\u00e9hier,<\/span><\/span> L\u00e9on<\/span><\/span> Brunschvicg, Etienne<\/span><\/span> Gilson,<\/span><\/span> Jacques<\/span><\/span> Maritain,<\/span><\/span> Maurice<\/span><\/span> Blondel,<\/span><\/span> Edith<\/span><\/span> Stein<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> d\u2019autres.<\/span><\/span> Mais<\/span><\/span> vous remarquez au moins, sur le point pr\u00e9cis que nous venons de rencontrer, que la th\u00e9ologie catholique<\/span><\/span> n\u2019est<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> compatible<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> n\u2019importe<\/span><\/span> quelle<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9orie<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison,<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> n\u2019importe<\/span><\/span> quelle th\u00e9orie<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> connaissance.<\/span><\/span> Par<\/span><\/span> exemple,<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9ologie<\/span><\/span> catholique<\/span><\/span> n\u2019est<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> compatible<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> la doctrine<\/span><\/span> kantienne<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison,<\/span><\/span> ni<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9orie<\/span><\/span> kantienne<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> connaissance,<\/span><\/span> puisque<\/span><\/span> Kant, pour<\/span><\/span> sa<\/span><\/span> part,<\/span><\/span> estime<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison<\/span><\/span> humaine<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> peut<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> acc\u00e9der<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> connaissance<\/span><\/span> certaine<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019existence de Dieu, \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience, tandis que la th\u00e9ologie catholique, d\u00e9finie<\/span><\/span> par l\u2019\u00c9glise,<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> premier<\/span><\/span> concile<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> Vatican,<\/span><\/span> estime<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison<\/span><\/span> humaine<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> peut.<\/span><\/span> On<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> peut<\/span><\/span> donc<\/span><\/span> pas,<\/span><\/span> simultan\u00e9ment,<\/span><\/span> \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> catholique<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> kantien,<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019on<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> peut<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> catholique<\/span><\/span> et adepte du positivisme d\u2019Auguste Comte ni du n\u00e9o-positivisme qui nie toute<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9taphysique.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      On peut, bien entendu, le d\u00e9plorer, s\u2019en affliger ou, au contraire, s\u2019en r\u00e9jouir, mais le fait<\/span><\/span> est l\u00e0\u00a0: l\u2019\u00c9glise catholique, la th\u00e9ologie catholique la plus traditionnelle et la plus<\/span><\/span> constante<\/span><\/span> solennellement d\u00e9finie dans un concile \u0153cum\u00e9nique, implique une certaine doctrine de la<\/span><\/span> raison, une<\/span><\/span> certaine<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9orie<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> connaissance,<\/span><\/span> et,<\/span><\/span> selon<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> doctrine<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9orie<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la connaissance, la raison humaine est capable de faire de la m\u00e9taphysique d\u2019une mani\u00e8re l\u00e9gitime<\/span><\/span> et de r\u00e9pondre par l\u2019analyse aux questions qu\u2019elle se pose. La m\u00e9taphysique peut \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> connaissance certaine, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire une science. C\u2019\u00e9tait la doctrine des grands docteurs du<\/span><\/span> Moyen \u00c2ge, aussi bien du <\/span><\/span>dominicain Thomas d\u2019Aquin <\/span><\/span>que du <\/span><\/span>franciscain <\/span><\/span>Jean <\/span><\/span>Duns Scot. C\u2019est <\/span><\/span>la<\/span><\/span> doctrine <\/span><\/span>de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019\u00c9glise<\/span><\/span> universelle.<\/span><\/span> L\u2019intelligence<\/span><\/span> humaine<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> faite<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> conna\u00eetre<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> v\u00e9rit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> elle<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> capable d\u2019atteindre \u00e0 cette fin qui est l\u2019objet de son d\u00e9sir naturel<\/span><\/span> cong\u00e9nital.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      En <\/span><\/span>d\u2019autres termes, l\u2019\u00c9glise catholique, <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>th\u00e9ologie <\/span><\/span>catholique <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>plus classique, professent<\/span><\/span> un <\/span><\/span>rationalisme<\/span><\/span> int\u00e9gral,<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> sens<\/span><\/span> pr\u00e9cis<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019elles<\/span><\/span> pensent<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison<\/span><\/span> humaine<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> capable<\/span><\/span> d\u2019aller <\/span><\/span>jusqu\u2019au bout <\/span><\/span>de son <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9sir <\/span><\/span>le plus profond, de son d\u00e9sir naturel de <\/span><\/span>conna\u00eetre <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>vrai, <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>savoir <\/span><\/span>ce<\/span><\/span> qui <\/span><\/span>existe, <\/span><\/span>et de <\/span><\/span>r\u00e9pondre <\/span><\/span>aux <\/span><\/span>questions <\/span><\/span>m\u00e9taphysiques qu\u2019elle se<\/span><\/span> pose.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Non <\/span><\/span>seulement l\u2019\u00c9glise catholique professe, <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>cet <\/span><\/span>\u00e9gard <\/span><\/span>et en ce <\/span><\/span>sens, <\/span><\/span>un <\/span><\/span>rationalisme<\/span><\/span> int\u00e9gral, <\/span><\/span>mais <\/span><\/span>elle est <\/span><\/span>pratiquement <\/span><\/span>seule <\/span><\/span>au <\/span><\/span>monde <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>professer <\/span><\/span>un <\/span><\/span>tel optimisme <\/span><\/span>en ce <\/span><\/span>qui <\/span><\/span>concerne <\/span><\/span>la<\/span><\/span> valeur,<\/span><\/span> la <\/span><\/span>puissance <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>capacit\u00e9s <\/span><\/span>de la raison humaine, car c\u2019est pratiquement au sein de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019\u00c9glise <\/span><\/span>catholique<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> trouvent<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> derniers<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> seuls<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9taphysiciens<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> pensent<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9taphysique<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> science<\/span><\/span> authentique.<\/span><\/span> L\u2019\u00c9glise<\/span><\/span> catholique<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> donc<\/span><\/span> pratiquement<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> monopole<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> rationalisme<\/span><\/span> int\u00e9gral. Ailleurs, <\/span><\/span>on <\/span><\/span>trouve <\/span><\/span>bien des <\/span><\/span>rationalistes, <\/span><\/span>des <\/span><\/span>ligues <\/span><\/span>ou <\/span><\/span>des <\/span><\/span>unions rationalistes,<\/span><\/span> mais<\/span><\/span> lorsqu\u2019on<\/span><\/span> regarde<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> choses<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> pr\u00e8s<\/span><\/span> on<\/span><\/span> constate<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> rationalistes-l\u00e0<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> fient<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison<\/span><\/span> lorsqu\u2019elle<\/span><\/span> aborde<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> probl\u00e8mes<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9taphysiques,<\/span><\/span> mais<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> contraire<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9sesp\u00e8rent<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison<\/span><\/span> d\u00e8s<\/span><\/span> lors<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019elle<\/span><\/span> tente<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9pondre<\/span><\/span> aux<\/span><\/span> probl\u00e8mes<\/span><\/span> ultimes<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019elle<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> pose.<\/span><\/span> C\u2019est<\/span><\/span> donc<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> leur<\/span><\/span> rationalisme<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> rationalisme<\/span><\/span> tronqu\u00e9,<\/span><\/span> infirme,<\/span><\/span> insuffisamment<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> mal<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9velopp\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      D\u2019ailleurs, l\u2019\u00c9glise s\u2019\u00e9tait <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9j\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>prononc\u00e9e <\/span><\/span>au <\/span><\/span>XVI<\/span><\/span>e\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle, <\/span><\/span>au concile de Trente, \u00e0 l\u2019encontre de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> doctrine <\/span><\/span>luth\u00e9rienne <\/span><\/span>du <\/span><\/span>p\u00e9ch\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>originel. <\/span><\/span>Elle <\/span><\/span>avait condamn\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>doctrine <\/span><\/span>luth\u00e9rienne <\/span><\/span>selon <\/span><\/span>laquelle<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> p\u00e9ch\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>originel <\/span><\/span>a <\/span><\/span>radicalement <\/span><\/span>corrompu <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>nature <\/span><\/span>humaine, <\/span><\/span>en <\/span><\/span>sorte que <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>puissances naturelles<\/span><\/span> de l\u2019homme, <\/span><\/span>en <\/span><\/span>particulier <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>raison <\/span><\/span>et la <\/span><\/span>libert\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>humaines, ne seraient plus bonnes \u00e0 rien.<\/span><\/span> Les <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9finitions du <\/span><\/span>premier concile <\/span><\/span>du <\/span><\/span>Vatican, <\/span><\/span>en <\/span><\/span>1870, contre <\/span><\/span>Kant <\/span><\/span>et le kantisme, viennent<\/span><\/span> donc<\/span><\/span> compl\u00e9ter les d\u00e9finitions du concile de Trente contre Martin<\/span><\/span> Luther.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Au <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9but <\/span><\/span>de ce <\/span><\/span>si\u00e8cle, <\/span><\/span>il y a eu <\/span><\/span>dans l\u2019\u00c9glise, <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>travers <\/span><\/span>toute l\u2019Europe, mais principalement<\/span><\/span> en France, une <\/span><\/span>grande crise doctrinale <\/span><\/span>que les <\/span><\/span>historiens <\/span><\/span>ont appel\u00e9e la <\/span><\/span>crise <\/span><\/span>moderniste. Savez-vous<\/span><\/span> ce <\/span><\/span>que <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>th\u00e9ologiens catholiques <\/span><\/span>reprochaient principalement <\/span><\/span>aux <\/span><\/span>philosophes \u00e9minents <\/span><\/span>que<\/span><\/span> furent<\/span><\/span> Henri <\/span><\/span>Bergson, Maurice Blondel, <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>p\u00e8re <\/span><\/span>Lucien Laberthonni\u00e8re, \u00c9douard Le Roy et d\u2019autres<\/span><\/span> encore\u00a0<\/span><\/span>? <\/span><\/span>C\u2019\u00e9tait <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>ne pas \u00eatre <\/span><\/span>suffisamment rationalistes, <\/span><\/span>de ne <\/span><\/span>pas avoir une th\u00e9orie <\/span><\/span>de la <\/span><\/span>connaissance,<\/span><\/span> une <\/span><\/span>doctrine<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison<\/span><\/span> assez<\/span><\/span> forte,<\/span><\/span> suffisamment<\/span><\/span> puissante,<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> pouvoir<\/span><\/span> supporter<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> sauvegarder<\/span><\/span> l\u2019enseignement <\/span><\/span>solennel <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>l\u2019\u00c9glise, d\u00e9fini <\/span><\/span>au <\/span><\/span>premier concile <\/span><\/span>du <\/span><\/span>Vatican\u00a0<\/span><\/span>: la <\/span><\/span>raison humaine<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> capable,<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> ses<\/span><\/span> forces<\/span><\/span> naturelles<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> ind\u00e9pendamment<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9v\u00e9lation,<\/span><\/span> d\u2019acc\u00e9der<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> connaissance<\/span><\/span> certaine de l\u2019existence de<\/span><\/span> Dieu.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      \u00c9glise<\/span><\/span> catholique,<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9ologie<\/span><\/span> catholique<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> classique<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> constante,<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> veulent<\/span><\/span> pas <\/span><\/span>que <\/span><\/span>l\u2019ordre surnaturel, l\u2019ordre <\/span><\/span>de la <\/span><\/span>gr\u00e2ce, l\u2019ordre <\/span><\/span>de la <\/span><\/span>r\u00e9v\u00e9lation, soit fond\u00e9 sur <\/span><\/span>un <\/span><\/span>ordre<\/span><\/span> naturel<\/span><\/span> ext\u00e9nu\u00e9,<\/span><\/span> affaibli,<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9valoris\u00e9,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> encore<\/span><\/span> moins<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9pens<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019ordre<\/span><\/span> naturel.<\/span><\/span> Elles<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9fendent,<\/span><\/span> elles <\/span><\/span>veulent<\/span><\/span> pr\u00e9server<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> sauver<\/span><\/span> l\u2019ordre<\/span><\/span> naturel<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> celui<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> cr\u00e9ation,<\/span><\/span> afin<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> conduire<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> sa<\/span><\/span> fin<\/span><\/span> ultime <\/span><\/span>qui est <\/span><\/span>surnaturelle\u00a0<\/span><\/span>; <\/span><\/span>mais <\/span><\/span>l\u2019ordre surnaturel, l\u2019ordre de la gr\u00e2ce, n\u2019abolit pas l\u2019ordre<\/span><\/span> naturel,<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9truit<\/span><\/span> pas,<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> contraire,<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> l\u2019ach\u00e8ve,<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9alise,<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> conduit<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> son<\/span><\/span> terme<\/span><\/span> ultime<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> sa<\/span><\/span> perfection.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Ainsi<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9orie<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison<\/span><\/span> humaine.<\/span><\/span> L\u2019\u00c9glise<\/span><\/span> veut<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> elle<\/span><\/span> tient<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l\u2019ordre <\/span><\/span>intellectuel <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>rationnel conserve <\/span><\/span>sa <\/span><\/span>consistance propre, <\/span><\/span>son autonomie. Elle ne veut pas qu\u2019on<\/span><\/span> tente d\u2019\u00e9tablir l\u2019ordre surnaturel sur des soubassements friables, sans consistance, sans solidit\u00e9. Elle<\/span><\/span> ne veut pas qu\u2019on affaiblisse l\u2019ordre naturel, l\u2019ordre de la cr\u00e9ation, pour introduire<\/span><\/span> l\u2019ordre surnaturel de la gr\u00e2ce. Elle affirme depuis le d\u00e9but, contre toutes les gnoses, contre<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> manich\u00e9isme, contre l\u2019h\u00e9r\u00e9sie cathare, <\/span><\/span>puis \u00e0 l\u2019encontre de la doctrine luth\u00e9rienne du p\u00e9ch\u00e9<\/span><\/span> originel, l\u2019excellence <\/span><\/span>de la <\/span><\/span>cr\u00e9ation physique <\/span><\/span>dans laquelle <\/span><\/span>nous <\/span><\/span>sommes <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>fait <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>l\u2019excellence <\/span><\/span>de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> nature humaine\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/span> qui <\/span><\/span>sort des mains <\/span><\/span>du <\/span><\/span>Cr\u00e9ateur. <\/span><\/span>Comme <\/span><\/span>le dit <\/span><\/span>Thomas <\/span><\/span>d\u2019Aquin, <\/span><\/span>par <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>p\u00e9ch\u00e9,<\/span><\/span> rien <\/span><\/span>n\u2019est<\/span><\/span> ajout\u00e9<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> nature<\/span><\/span> humaine,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> rien<\/span><\/span> n\u2019est<\/span><\/span> \u00f4t\u00e9<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> nature<\/span><\/span> humaine (<\/span><\/span>Sum. Theol. <\/i><\/span><\/span>I, q. 98,<\/span><\/span> a.2)<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span> Sur<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> point,<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Encyclique <\/span><\/span>Pascendi <\/i><\/span><\/span>du 8\u00a0<\/span><\/span>septembre <\/span><\/span>1907, sign\u00e9e par <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>pape Pie X, <\/span><\/span>s\u2019\u00e9tend longuement. <\/span><\/span>L\u2019erreur<\/span><\/span> fondamentale qu\u2019elle<\/span><\/span> discerne<\/span><\/span> sous<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> crise<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> secou\u00e9<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> chr\u00e9tient\u00e9<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9but<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> si\u00e8cle,<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> erreur<\/span><\/span> qui porte<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9orie<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> connaissance,<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9mission<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> concerne<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> puissance<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> la <\/span><\/span>valeur <\/span><\/span>de la <\/span><\/span>raison humaine, c\u2019est <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>th\u00e9orie kantienne <\/span><\/span>de la <\/span><\/span>connaissance <\/span><\/span>et de la <\/span><\/span>raison,<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est l\u2019irrationalisme, que <\/span><\/span>l\u2019encyclique <\/span><\/span>appelle <\/span><\/span>l\u2019agnosticisme\u00a0<\/span><\/span>: la <\/span><\/span>raison humaine serait incapable <\/span><\/span>par<\/span><\/span> ses <\/span><\/span>propres <\/span><\/span>forces <\/span><\/span>d\u2019atteindre <\/span><\/span>au vrai, \u00e0 la connaissance<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9taphysique.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Si<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison<\/span><\/span> humaine<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> peut<\/span><\/span> pas,<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> ses<\/span><\/span> propres<\/span><\/span> forces,<\/span><\/span> \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9taphysicienne,<\/span><\/span> elle<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> peut<\/span><\/span> pas <\/span><\/span>non<\/span><\/span> plus,<\/span><\/span> illumin\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Esprit-Saint<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> fond\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> R\u00e9v\u00e9lation,<\/span><\/span> \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9ologienne.<\/span><\/span> Aussi<\/span><\/span> bien,<\/span><\/span> les grands<\/span><\/span> docteurs<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> si\u00e8cles<\/span><\/span> pass\u00e9s,<\/span><\/span> Gr\u00e9goire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Nazianze,<\/span><\/span> Augustin<\/span><\/span> d\u2019Hippone,<\/span><\/span> Thomas<\/span><\/span> d\u2019Aquin,<\/span><\/span> Jean<\/span><\/span> Duns<\/span><\/span> Scot,<\/span><\/span> Jean<\/span><\/span> Damasc\u00e8ne<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> Orient,<\/span><\/span> et,<\/span><\/span> avant<\/span><\/span> lui,<\/span><\/span> Maxime<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> Confesseur,<\/span><\/span> tous<\/span><\/span> ceux<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> ont <\/span><\/span>fait <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>th\u00e9ologie chr\u00e9tienne, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9minents m\u00e9taphysiciens. Il <\/span><\/span>existe, <\/span><\/span>en <\/span><\/span>effet, <\/span><\/span>une <\/span><\/span>ontologie<\/span><\/span> du <\/span><\/span>Verbe<\/span><\/span> incarn\u00e9,<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> grands<\/span><\/span> docteurs<\/span><\/span> chr\u00e9tiens<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> sont<\/span><\/span> efforc\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9gager,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9ologie trinitaire<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> va<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Gr\u00e9goire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Nazianze<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> saint<\/span><\/span> Augustin,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> d\u2019Augustin<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> Thomas<\/span><\/span> d\u2019Aquin<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> \u00e0 <\/span><\/span>Jean Duns <\/span><\/span>Scot, <\/span><\/span>est <\/span><\/span>\u00e9minemment<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9taphysique.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Inversement, <\/span><\/span>ceux qui, <\/span><\/span>aujourd\u2019hui, d\u00e9pr\u00e9cient <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>m\u00e9taphysique <\/span><\/span>et la <\/span><\/span>condamnent, sont-ils<\/span><\/span> aussi <\/span><\/span>ceux qui <\/span><\/span>m\u00e9prisent <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>th\u00e9ologie <\/span><\/span>qui <\/span><\/span>fut <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>science <\/span><\/span>des <\/span><\/span>saints <\/span><\/span>et qui <\/span><\/span>tentent <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>l\u2019\u00e9liminer. <\/span><\/span>Que<\/span><\/span> resterait-<\/span><\/span>il<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> christianisme<\/span><\/span> sans<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9ologie,<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire<\/span><\/span> sans<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> pens\u00e9e\u00a0?<\/span><\/span> Cette<\/span><\/span> bouillie<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> chats,<\/span><\/span> cette p\u00e2t\u00e9e inconsistante, informe, qu\u2019on nous <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9verse <\/span><\/span>aujourd\u2019hui <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>toutes parts <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>qui soul\u00e8ve <\/span><\/span>le<\/span><\/span> c\u0153ur. <\/span><\/span>Savez-vous <\/span><\/span>quel <\/span><\/span>est <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>serment qu\u2019\u00e0 partir <\/span><\/span>du 1<\/span><\/span>er\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/sup>septembre <\/span><\/span>1910 <\/span><\/span>l\u2019\u00c9glise <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>Rome <\/span><\/span>demandait <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>tous<\/span><\/span> ses jeunes <\/span><\/span>pr\u00eatres de prononcer<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Moi, un tel, je tiens <\/i><\/span><\/span>fermement <\/i><\/span><\/span>et je <\/i><\/span><\/span>re\u00e7ois toutes <\/i><\/span><\/span>les v\u00e9rit\u00e9s qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9finies, affirm\u00e9es<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>d\u00e9clar\u00e9es par <\/i><\/span><\/span>le <\/i><\/span><\/span>magist\u00e8re, <\/i><\/span><\/span>qui <\/i><\/span><\/span>ne <\/i><\/span><\/span>comporte <\/i><\/span><\/span>pas <\/i><\/span><\/span>d\u2019erreur, <\/i><\/span><\/span>de <\/i><\/span><\/span>l\u2019\u00c9glise, <\/i><\/span><\/span>et en <\/i><\/span><\/span>particulier <\/i><\/span><\/span>ces points<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de <\/i><\/span><\/span>doctrine <\/i><\/span><\/span>qui <\/i><\/span><\/span>s\u2019opposent <\/i><\/span><\/span>directement aux erreurs de ce temps\u00a0: Premi\u00e8rement, je professe que<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Dieu, qui<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>est<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>le<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>principe<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>fin<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>tous<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>les<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>\u00eatres,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>peut<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>\u00eatre<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>connu<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>d\u2019une<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>mani\u00e8re<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>certaine,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>par cons\u00e9quent aussi \u00eatre d\u00e9montr\u00e9, demonstrari <\/i><\/span><\/span>posse, <\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/i><\/span><\/span>la <\/i><\/span><\/span>lumi\u00e8re naturelle <\/i><\/span><\/span>de la <\/i><\/span><\/span>raison,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>des<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>r\u00e9alit\u00e9s<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>cr\u00e9\u00e9es<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>(citation<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Rm<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span>1,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>20),<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>par<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>les<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>\u0153uvres<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>visibles<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la <\/i><\/span><\/span>cr\u00e9ation, <\/i><\/span><\/span>de <\/i><\/span><\/span>m\u00eame <\/i><\/span><\/span>que la cause peut \u00eatre connue par ses<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>effets\u2026<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Voil\u00e0<\/span><\/span> donc<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> premier<\/span><\/span> point<\/span><\/span> d\u2019acquis.<\/span><\/span> Selon<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> pens\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> \u00ab\u00a0<\/span><\/span>de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019\u00c9glise<\/span><\/span> universelle,<\/span><\/span> selon<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> christianisme orthodoxe, selon <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>r\u00e9v\u00e9lation h\u00e9bra\u00efque <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>l\u2019enseignement <\/span><\/span>du <\/span><\/span>Nouveau <\/span><\/span>Testament,<\/span><\/span> selon<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> doctrine<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> P\u00e8res<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> grands<\/span><\/span> Docteurs<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> Moyen<\/span><\/span> \u00c2ge,<\/span><\/span> l\u2019existence<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Dieu<\/span><\/span> n\u2019est<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> une <\/span><\/span>question<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> \u00ab\u00a0<\/span><\/span>foi\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/span> au<\/span><\/span> sens<\/span><\/span> contemporain<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> mot<\/span><\/span> \u00ab\u00a0<\/span><\/span>foi\u00a0\u00bb,<\/span><\/span> elle<\/span><\/span> n\u2019est<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> question<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> croyance,<\/span><\/span> elle<\/span><\/span> rel\u00e8ve<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> connaissance<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> connaissance<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> l\u2019intelligence.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Arr\u00eatons-nous un instant sur ce point.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Faire <\/span><\/span>porter <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>foi sur <\/span><\/span>l\u2019existence <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>Dieu, <\/span><\/span>c\u2019est <\/span><\/span>une apposition totalement <\/span><\/span>absurde<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> inconsistante. Vous pouvez vous fier \u00e0 l\u2019un de vos amis, ou vous d\u00e9fier de lui\u00a0; <\/span><\/span>vous <\/span><\/span>pouvez<\/span><\/span> avoir <\/span><\/span>foi <\/span><\/span>en sa <\/span><\/span>parole <\/span><\/span>ou <\/span><\/span>non, <\/span><\/span>mais <\/span><\/span>ce <\/span><\/span>qui est s\u00fbr <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>certain, <\/span><\/span>c\u2019est <\/span><\/span>que, pour vous <\/span><\/span>fier <\/span><\/span>en <\/span><\/span>l\u2019un <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>vos <\/span><\/span>amis<\/span><\/span> ou <\/span><\/span>vous<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9fier<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> lui,<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> vous<\/span><\/span> faut<\/span><\/span> d\u2019abord<\/span><\/span> savoir<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> certitude<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> existe.<\/span><\/span> L\u2019existence<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> votre<\/span><\/span> ami, en qui vous <\/span><\/span>vous <\/span><\/span>fiez, <\/span><\/span>ne <\/span><\/span>saurait <\/span><\/span>\u00eatre <\/span><\/span>une question <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>foi. <\/span><\/span>La <\/span><\/span>connaissance <\/span><\/span>de l\u2019existence doit n\u00e9cessairement pr\u00e9c\u00e9der la foi ou<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9fiance,<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> confiance<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> doute.<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> va<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> pour Dieu. Lisez<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> relisez<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> nombreux<\/span><\/span> textes<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Bible<\/span><\/span> h\u00e9bra\u00efque,<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> chr\u00e9tiens<\/span><\/span> appellent<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Ancien<\/span><\/span> Testament,<\/span><\/span> o\u00f9<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> question<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> foi<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> son<\/span><\/span> contraire,<\/span><\/span> vous<\/span><\/span> verrez<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> jamais<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> foi,<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> la <\/span><\/span>Bible,<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> porte<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> l\u2019existence<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Dieu.<\/span><\/span> Lorsque<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> exemple<\/span><\/span> Dieu<\/span><\/span> reproche<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> Mo\u00efse,<\/span><\/span> ou lorsque <\/span><\/span>tel <\/span><\/span>psaume reproche <\/span><\/span>aux <\/span><\/span>H\u00e9breux <\/span><\/span>de ne <\/span><\/span>pas avoir <\/span><\/span>eu <\/span><\/span>foi <\/span><\/span>en <\/span><\/span>Dieu <\/span><\/span>et en sa <\/span><\/span>parole, <\/span><\/span>il ne<\/span><\/span> s\u2019agit pas<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019existence<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Dieu,<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> n\u2019est<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> l\u2019existence<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Dieu<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> question,<\/span><\/span> l\u2019existence<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Dieu<\/span><\/span> est <\/span><\/span>pr\u00e9suppos\u00e9e connue, par la cr\u00e9ation pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment et par <\/span><\/span>ses \u0153uvres <\/span><\/span>historiques <\/span><\/span>dans <\/span><\/span>l\u2019histoire<\/span><\/span> du <\/span><\/span>peuple<\/span><\/span> h\u00e9breu.<\/span><\/span> C\u2019est<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> Dieu<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> connu<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> ses<\/span><\/span> \u0153uvres<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> manifestent.<\/span><\/span> La<\/span><\/span> foi<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> porte<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> l\u2019existence<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/span><\/span> Dieu<\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>mais<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> v\u00e9rit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> parole<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/span><\/span> Dieu.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Je prends un exemple tr\u00e8s simple pour vous indiquer <\/span><\/span>sur quel <\/span><\/span>registre <\/span><\/span>se <\/span><\/span>situe <\/span><\/span>la<\/span><\/span> signification<\/span><\/span> des termes qui <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9signent la \u00ab\u00a0foi\u00a0\u00bb dans la Bible h\u00e9bra\u00efque et dans le Nouveau Testament<\/span><\/span> grec.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Supposons <\/span><\/span>que vous <\/span><\/span>vouliez apprendre <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>nager <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 un <\/span><\/span>enfant <\/span><\/span>de 7 ou 8\u00a0ans. Vous lui<\/span><\/span> expliquez<\/span><\/span> d\u2019abord<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l\u2019eau,<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> densit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019eau.<\/span><\/span> Vous<\/span><\/span> lui<\/span><\/span> donnez<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> br\u00e8ve<\/span><\/span> explication du principe d\u2019Archim\u00e8de. Et vous lui dites que, compte tenu de la densit\u00e9 de <\/span><\/span>son<\/span><\/span> corps<\/span><\/span> et de la <\/span><\/span>densit\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>l\u2019eau, <\/span><\/span>il <\/span><\/span>lui suffit <\/span><\/span>de se <\/span><\/span>coucher <\/span><\/span>sur l\u2019eau <\/span><\/span>comme <\/span><\/span>sur son lit, bien <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9tendu, <\/span><\/span>et,<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> allong\u00e9, <\/span><\/span>il <\/span><\/span>nagera. <\/span><\/span>En <\/span><\/span>r\u00e9alit\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>il ne <\/span><\/span>peut pas <\/span><\/span>descendre <\/span><\/span>au fond de l\u2019eau\u00a0; il est extr\u00eamement<\/span><\/span> difficile<\/span><\/span> de descendre au fond de l\u2019eau, il faut, pour y parvenir, d\u00e9ployer des <\/span><\/span>efforts <\/span><\/span>consid\u00e9rables <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>l\u2019eau <\/span><\/span>de<\/span><\/span> mer, <\/span><\/span>finalement, <\/span><\/span>vous fait <\/span><\/span>resurgir et rejaillir \u00e0 la<\/span><\/span> surface.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      L\u2019enfant<\/span><\/span> peut<\/span><\/span> vous<\/span><\/span> croire<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> vous<\/span><\/span> croire<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>;<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> peut<\/span><\/span> croire<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> vous<\/span><\/span> lui<\/span><\/span> avez<\/span><\/span> dit,<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> non.<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> peut<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> fier<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> vous,<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> votre<\/span><\/span> parole<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> non.<\/span><\/span> S\u2019il<\/span><\/span> vous<\/span><\/span> croit,<\/span><\/span> s\u2019il<\/span><\/span> s\u2019en<\/span><\/span> remet<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> vous,<\/span><\/span> alors<\/span><\/span> il <\/span><\/span>s\u2019\u00e9tendra <\/span><\/span>doucement sur <\/span><\/span>l\u2019eau, <\/span><\/span>bien d\u00e9tendu, et il constatera, par exp\u00e9rience, qu\u2019il repose en<\/span><\/span> effet sur l\u2019eau comme sur son lit. Il v\u00e9rifiera par exp\u00e9rience la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 de ce que vous lui avez dit. S\u2019il<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> vous<\/span><\/span> croit<\/span><\/span> pas,<\/span><\/span> s\u2019il<\/span><\/span> doute<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> vous<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> vous<\/span><\/span> lui<\/span><\/span> avez<\/span><\/span> expliqu\u00e9,<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> va<\/span><\/span> s\u2019agiter,<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> contracter,<\/span><\/span> boire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019eau,<\/span><\/span> pleurer<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> crier.<\/span><\/span> L\u2019exp\u00e9rience<\/span><\/span> sera<\/span><\/span> manqu\u00e9e.<\/span><\/span> Mais<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> vous<\/span><\/span> croie<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> vous croie pas, <\/span><\/span>en <\/span><\/span>tout <\/span><\/span>cas sa foi ou sa <\/span><\/span>m\u00e9fiance <\/span><\/span>ne <\/span><\/span>portera <\/span><\/span>pas sur <\/span><\/span>votre <\/span><\/span>existence. <\/i><\/span><\/span>Elle <\/span><\/span>portera <\/span><\/span>sur ce<\/span><\/span> que vous<\/span><\/span> avez<\/span><\/span> dit,<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> v\u00e9rit\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> vous<\/span><\/span> lui<\/span><\/span> avez<\/span><\/span> dit.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Eh<\/span><\/span> bien,<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> registre-l\u00e0<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> situent<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> termes<\/span><\/span> \u2014 <\/span><\/span>qui<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9signent<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> foi<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Bible<\/span><\/span> h\u00e9bra\u00efque<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> Nouveau<\/span><\/span> Testament<\/span><\/span> grec.<\/span><\/span> Cela<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> si<\/span><\/span> vrai<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> racine<\/span><\/span> h\u00e9bra\u00efque<\/span><\/span> aman<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>qui <\/span><\/span>signifie\u00a0<\/span><\/span>: \u00eatre <\/span><\/span>fort, \u00eatre solide, \u00eatre <\/span><\/span>certain, \u00eatre stable, <\/span><\/span>a <\/span><\/span>donn\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>\u00e9mounah, <\/i><\/span><\/span>que <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>Nouveau<\/span><\/span> Testament<\/span><\/span> grec<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> traduit<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> pistis,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> traduisons<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> foi<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ou<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> fid\u00e9lit\u00e9,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>selon<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> cas<\/span><\/span> \u2014<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> aussi<\/span><\/span> \u00e9met <\/i><\/span><\/span>qui <\/span><\/span>signifie <\/span><\/span>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>v\u00e9rit\u00e9.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Pistis al\u00e8theias <\/i><\/span><\/span>comme dit Paul <\/span><\/span>lorsqu\u2019il <\/span><\/span>veut <\/span><\/span>traduire <\/span><\/span>compl\u00e8tement <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>correctement <\/span><\/span>en <\/span><\/span>grec<\/span><\/span> le <\/span><\/span>terme <\/span><\/span>h\u00e9breu <\/span><\/span>\u00e9mounah\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span>: la <\/span><\/span>foi dans <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>v\u00e9rit\u00e9, <\/span><\/span>l\u2019assentiment <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>l\u2019intelligence <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 la v\u00e9rit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> reconnue.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      La <\/span><\/span>maladie <\/span><\/span>de la <\/span><\/span>pens\u00e9e chr\u00e9tienne, <\/span><\/span>dans les <\/span><\/span>temps modernes, <\/span><\/span>depuis Descartes <\/span><\/span>au <\/span><\/span>moins,<\/span><\/span> mais<\/span><\/span> de <\/span><\/span>plus <\/span><\/span>en <\/span><\/span>plus, c\u2019est d\u2019avoir <\/span><\/span>dissoci\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>ce <\/span><\/span>que <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>concept h\u00e9breu <\/span><\/span>de \u00ab\u00a0foi\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/span> associe intimement\u00a0<\/span><\/span>: la <\/span><\/span>foi<\/span><\/span> et la <\/span><\/span>v\u00e9rit\u00e9, <\/span><\/span>tout <\/span><\/span>simplement <\/span><\/span>parce qu\u2019on a rompu l\u2019unit\u00e9 de l\u2019acte de foi qui est un <\/span><\/span>acte<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de l\u2019intelligence, <\/i><\/span><\/span>un <\/span><\/span>assentiment <\/i><\/span><\/span>de <\/i><\/span><\/span>l\u2019intelligence. <\/i><\/span><\/span>On a <\/span><\/span>conserv\u00e9 l\u2019id\u00e9e qu\u2019il s\u2019agit d\u2019une conviction,<\/span><\/span> d\u2019un <\/span><\/span>assentiment,<\/span><\/span> mais<\/span><\/span> on<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> oubli\u00e9<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> s\u2019agit<\/span><\/span> d\u2019un<\/span><\/span> assentiment<\/span><\/span> de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>l\u2019intelligence<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>\u00e0<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>v\u00e9rit\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>elle-m\u00eame <\/span><\/span>reconnue. <\/span><\/span>On <\/span><\/span>obtient <\/span><\/span>ainsi un concept de foi qui est d\u00e9compos\u00e9,<\/span><\/span> corrompu.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      C\u2019est<\/span><\/span> autour<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> concept<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> foi<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> ses<\/span><\/span> rapports<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> l\u2019intelligence,<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> situe<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> foyer<\/span><\/span> infectieux qui est \u00e0 <\/span><\/span>l\u2019origine <\/span><\/span>de la maladie infantile de la <\/span><\/span>pens\u00e9e chr\u00e9tienne aujourd\u2019hui, <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>savoir<\/span><\/span> la <\/span><\/span>dissociation<\/span><\/span> entre<\/span><\/span> foi<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> intelligence.<\/span><\/span> Cette<\/span><\/span> dissociation<\/span><\/span> n\u2019est<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> biblique,<\/span><\/span> elle<\/span><\/span> n\u2019est<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> conforme<\/span><\/span> \u00e0 <\/span><\/span>l\u2019enseignement<\/span><\/span> de la <\/span><\/span>r\u00e9v\u00e9lation,<\/span><\/span> elle <\/span><\/span>n\u2019est<\/span><\/span> pas <\/span><\/span>orthodoxe.<\/span><\/span> C\u2019est<\/span><\/span> une <\/span><\/span>maladie<\/span><\/span> mortelle<\/span><\/span> pour <\/span><\/span>l\u2019intelligence<\/span><\/span> chr\u00e9tienne.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      La <\/span><\/span>situation actuelle, <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>probl\u00e9matique actuelle, <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>langage actuel <\/span><\/span>des <\/span><\/span>chr\u00e9tiens <\/span><\/span>en ce<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> concerne <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>foi, sont <\/span><\/span>compl\u00e8tement incoh\u00e9rents. D\u2019abord parce qu\u2019ils font porter <\/span><\/span>la foi sur<\/span><\/span> l\u2019existence<\/span><\/span> m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Dieu<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019ils<\/span><\/span> doivent<\/span><\/span> donc<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9aliser<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> tour<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> force<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> fier<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> parole<\/span><\/span> d\u2019un<\/span><\/span> \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> \u00e0 <\/span><\/span>l\u2019existence duquel <\/span><\/span>ils <\/span><\/span>doivent d\u2019abord croire <\/span><\/span>par <\/span><\/span>un <\/span><\/span>acte <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>foi, <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 la <\/span><\/span>mani\u00e8re <\/span><\/span>dont ils <\/span><\/span>entendent <\/span><\/span>la<\/span><\/span> foi,<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire <\/span><\/span>un <\/span><\/span>acte <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>foi <\/span><\/span>aveugle, puisqu\u2019ils <\/span><\/span>sont <\/span><\/span>convaincus, <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 cause de la pression de<\/span><\/span> la philosophie moderne depuis Kant, que l\u2019intelligence humaine ne peut pas conna\u00eetre <\/span><\/span>avec<\/span><\/span> certitude<\/span><\/span> l\u2019existence <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>Dieu. <\/span><\/span>Il <\/span><\/span>faut donc empiler <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>foi <\/span><\/span>en la <\/span><\/span>parole <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>Dieu <\/span><\/span>sur la foi en l\u2019existence de<\/span><\/span> Dieu,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> ensuite<\/span><\/span> empiler<\/span><\/span> encore<\/span><\/span> sur<\/span><\/span> cet<\/span><\/span> \u00e9difice<\/span><\/span> branlant<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> foi<\/span><\/span> aux<\/span><\/span> dogmes,<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> \u00c9glise,<\/span><\/span> etc.<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> n\u2019est<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> \u00e9tonnant <\/span><\/span>que <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>tout <\/span><\/span>s\u2019\u00e9croule\u2026 <\/span><\/span>Ce <\/span><\/span>n\u2019est <\/span><\/span>pas <\/span><\/span>ainsi <\/span><\/span>que les grands <\/span><\/span>docteurs <\/span><\/span>du pass\u00e9 avaient compris la<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9ologie.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Du <\/span><\/span>fid\u00e9isme, <\/span><\/span>on <\/span><\/span>passe <\/span><\/span>normalement <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>l\u2019ath\u00e9isme, <\/span><\/span>l\u2019exp\u00e9rience de tous les jours le montre,<\/span><\/span> en particulier chez <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>\u00e9tudiants <\/span><\/span>en <\/span><\/span>philosophie <\/span><\/span>avec <\/span><\/span>lesquels <\/span><\/span>j\u2019ai <\/span><\/span>quelques rapports, <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>l\u2019exp\u00e9rience<\/span><\/span> des trois si\u00e8cles pass\u00e9s <\/span><\/span>le d\u00e9montre<\/span><\/span> surabondamment.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Ils <\/span><\/span>avaient pens\u00e9, <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>grands docteurs <\/span><\/span>du <\/span><\/span>pass\u00e9, <\/span><\/span>que <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>th\u00e9ologie est une science, et une<\/span><\/span> science bien fond\u00e9e, <\/span><\/span>saine <\/span><\/span>\u00e9pist\u00e9mologiquement. <\/span><\/span>Bien entendu, bien <\/span><\/span>\u00e9videmment, <\/span><\/span>pour <\/span><\/span>que la <\/span><\/span>th\u00e9ologie<\/span><\/span> soit une<\/span><\/span> science<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> fond\u00e9e,<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> faut<\/span><\/span> d\u2019abord<\/span><\/span> \u00e9tablir<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019elle<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span> objet.<\/span><\/span> Et<\/span><\/span> tous<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> grands<\/span><\/span> docteurs<\/span><\/span> du <\/span><\/span>pass\u00e9<\/span><\/span> ont<\/span><\/span> pens\u00e9<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l\u2019intelligence<\/span><\/span> humaine<\/span><\/span> peut<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> doit<\/span><\/span> d\u2019abord<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> avant<\/span><\/span> tout<\/span><\/span> \u00e9tablir<\/span><\/span> avec<\/span><\/span> certitude<\/span><\/span> l\u2019existence<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Dieu<\/span><\/span> cr\u00e9ateur<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> partir<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> cr\u00e9ation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Le<\/span><\/span> paradoxe<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> d\u2019autant<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> violent,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> l\u2019incoh\u00e9rence<\/span><\/span> d\u2019autant<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> compl\u00e8te,<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> gens<\/span><\/span> qui vont professant <\/span><\/span>l\u2019irrationalisme, l\u2019impuissance <\/span><\/span>de la raison <\/span><\/span>humaine <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 conna\u00eetre avec<\/span><\/span> certitude<\/span><\/span> l\u2019existence <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>Dieu <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>partir <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>l\u2019univers physique, <\/span><\/span>ces gens <\/span><\/span>proclament qu\u2019ils s\u2019en<\/span><\/span> remettent<\/span><\/span> exclusivement \u00e0 la R\u00e9v\u00e9lation<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Or, <\/span><\/span>c\u2019est <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>r\u00e9v\u00e9lation biblique pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, <\/span><\/span>aussi bien <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>livres h\u00e9breux <\/span><\/span>de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019Ancienne <\/span><\/span>Alliance que les livres <\/span><\/span>grecs <\/span><\/span>de la <\/span><\/span>Nouvelle Alliance, <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>tout <\/span><\/span>particuli\u00e8rement <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>texte <\/span><\/span>de Paul que<\/span><\/span> je <\/span><\/span>vous<\/span><\/span> ai<\/span><\/span> rappel\u00e9,<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9v\u00e9lation<\/span><\/span> biblique<\/span><\/span> elle-m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> enseigne<\/span><\/span> constamment<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> possibilit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> l\u2019intelligence humaine <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>conna\u00eetre avec certitude <\/span><\/span>l\u2019existence <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>Dieu <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>partir <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>ses <\/span><\/span>\u0153uvres, <\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/span><\/span> partir<\/span><\/span> de la cr\u00e9ation, \u00e0 partir de son \u0153uvre historique qui est le peuple<\/span><\/span> h\u00e9breu.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      L\u2019illustre th\u00e9ologien protestant Karl Barth, apr\u00e8s avoir, dans <\/span><\/span>sa <\/span><\/span>grande <\/span><\/span>Dogmatique,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>critiqu\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>longuement <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>possibilit\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>d\u2019une connaissance philosophique <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>Dieu <\/span><\/span>par la <\/span><\/span>raison humaine, pose<\/span><\/span> en <\/span><\/span>principe <\/span><\/span>que la <\/span><\/span>th\u00e9ologie doit <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9river de la seule Parole de<\/span><\/span> Dieu.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Mais,<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0<\/span><\/span> encore,<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissons.<\/span><\/span> L\u2019humanit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> form\u00e9e,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est<\/span><\/span> excellent,<\/span><\/span> par <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>sciences exp\u00e9rimentales. Gr\u00e2ce <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 la <\/span><\/span>pratique des sciences <\/span><\/span>exp\u00e9rimentales, <\/span><\/span>l\u2019humanit\u00e9 apprend<\/span><\/span> \u00e0 penser<\/span><\/span> correctement.<\/span><\/span> La<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9thode<\/span><\/span> normale<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> pens\u00e9e,<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9thode<\/span><\/span> exp\u00e9rimentale.<\/span><\/span> Que<\/span><\/span> voulez-vous <\/span><\/span>que pense <\/span><\/span>un <\/span><\/span>savant, <\/span><\/span>habitu\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 la <\/span><\/span>pratique des <\/span><\/span>sciences exp\u00e9rimentales, <\/span><\/span>en <\/span><\/span>pr\u00e9sence<\/span><\/span> d\u2019un<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9ologien<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> lui<\/span><\/span> dit<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> faut<\/span><\/span> partir<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Parole<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Dieu,<\/span><\/span> mais<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> pris<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> soin<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> pr\u00e9ciser auparavant qu\u2019il <\/span><\/span>est <\/span><\/span>impossible d\u2019\u00e9tablir l\u2019existence <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>Dieu par <\/span><\/span>l\u2019analyse rationnelle <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> impossible<\/span><\/span> aussi<\/span><\/span> d\u2019\u00e9tablir<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> Dieu<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> parl\u00e9\u00a0?<\/span><\/span> Le<\/span><\/span> tout<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> remis<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> \u00ab\u00a0<\/span><\/span>foi\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> comprise<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> force<\/span><\/span> des <\/span><\/span>choses <\/span><\/span>comme un assentiment<\/span><\/span> aveugle.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Il<\/span><\/span> est,<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> fait,<\/span><\/span> impossible<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> partir<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> Parole<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Dieu<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> fonder<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9ologie<\/span><\/span> si<\/span><\/span> l\u2019on<\/span><\/span> n\u2019a pas \u00e9tabli<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \n

        Qu\u2019il existe un \u00eatre absolu, transcendant, cr\u00e9ateur du ciel et de la terre, que l\u2019on<\/span><\/span> peut<\/span><\/span> appeler Dieu<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      2. \n

        Et<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> cet<\/span><\/span> \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> parl\u00e9,<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> s\u2019est<\/span><\/span> manifest\u00e9<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> l\u2019histoire<\/span><\/span> humaine,<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> a enseign\u00e9 des hommes charg\u00e9s \u00e0 leur tour de communiquer cet<\/span><\/span> enseignement.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Si<\/span><\/span> l\u2019on<\/span><\/span> n\u2019\u00e9tablit<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> d\u2019une<\/span><\/span> mani\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> solide<\/span><\/span> l\u2019existence<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Dieu<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> fait<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9v\u00e9lation,<\/span><\/span> tout<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> syst\u00e8me, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire <\/span><\/span>toute <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>th\u00e9ologie <\/span><\/span>repose sur une vaste p\u00e9tition de principe, ou plut\u00f4t sur<\/span><\/span> deux p\u00e9titions de principe<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \n

          que <\/span><\/span>Dieu<\/span><\/span> existe,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        2. \n

          qu\u2019il a parl\u00e9 ou qu\u2019il s\u2019est<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Comment<\/span><\/span> voulez-vous<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> gens<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> ont<\/span><\/span> appris<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> raisonner<\/span><\/span> correctement<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> pratiquant<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> sciences exp\u00e9rimentales, consentent <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>entrer <\/span><\/span>dans <\/span><\/span>un <\/span><\/span>syst\u00e8me <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>pens\u00e9e <\/span><\/span>qui <\/span><\/span>requiert, <\/span><\/span>d\u2019entr\u00e9e de<\/span><\/span> jeu,<\/span><\/span> d\u2019admettre <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>tels pr\u00e9suppos\u00e9s, <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>telles <\/span><\/span>p\u00e9titions <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>principe, surtout <\/span><\/span>si on <\/span><\/span>leur r\u00e9p\u00e8te, <\/span><\/span>ce qui est<\/span><\/span> le cas aujourd\u2019hui, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 leur en rebattre <\/span><\/span>les oreilles, <\/span><\/span>que <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>raison humaine <\/span><\/span>ne <\/span><\/span>peut <\/span><\/span>pas se<\/span><\/span> prononcer<\/span><\/span> en ce domaine, qu\u2019elle est impuissante et qu\u2019il faut s\u2019en remettre \u00e0 une \u00ab\u00a0foi\u00a0\u00bb, entendue comme<\/span><\/span> on<\/span><\/span> l\u2019entend aujourd\u2019hui, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire une conviction qui n\u2019a pas de fondement, qui n\u2019a pas d\u2019assises<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> dont l\u2019intelligence humaine ne peut pas rendre compte<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          Eh <\/span><\/span>bien <\/span><\/span>sachez <\/span><\/span>que ceux qui ont <\/span><\/span>construit <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>th\u00e9ologie <\/span><\/span>chr\u00e9tienne catholique, les ma\u00eetres<\/span><\/span> qui <\/span><\/span>ont construit la <\/span><\/span>th\u00e9ologie <\/span><\/span>au <\/span><\/span>temps <\/span><\/span>o\u00f9 <\/span><\/span>l\u2019on construisait aussi <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>cath\u00e9drale Notre-Dame <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>Paris,<\/span><\/span> n\u2019ont<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> commis<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> paralogismes<\/span><\/span> aussi<\/span><\/span> grossiers,<\/span><\/span> car<\/span><\/span> s\u2019ils<\/span><\/span> avaient<\/span><\/span> construit<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9ologie<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> mani\u00e8re,<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> y<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> longtemps<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019elle<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> serait<\/span><\/span> effondr\u00e9e.<\/span><\/span> Ils<\/span><\/span> ont<\/span><\/span> fort<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> compris<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019avant<\/span><\/span> toute<\/span><\/span> chose,<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> faut<\/span><\/span> \u00e9tablir<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> voies<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019analyse<\/span><\/span> rationnelle<\/span><\/span> l\u2019existence<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Dieu,<\/span><\/span> ind\u00e9pendamment<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9v\u00e9lation,<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> \u00e9videmment,<\/span><\/span> puisqu\u2019on<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> peut<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> pr\u00e9supposer<\/span><\/span> ce<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> justement<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> question.<\/span><\/span> Et<\/span><\/span> ils<\/span><\/span> l\u2019ont<\/span><\/span> fait.<\/span><\/span> Et ne<\/span><\/span> dites<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> Kant<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> critiqu\u00e9<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> voies<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> lesquelles<\/span><\/span> ils<\/span><\/span> ont<\/span><\/span> conduit<\/span><\/span> l\u2019intelligence<\/span><\/span> humaine<\/span><\/span> \u00e0 <\/span><\/span>reconna\u00eetre<\/span><\/span> l\u2019existence<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Celui<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> seul<\/span><\/span> peut<\/span><\/span> dire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> lui-m\u00eame<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span> mon<\/span><\/span> nom<\/span><\/span> propre<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est<\/span><\/span> JE<\/span><\/span> SUIS.<\/span><\/span> Car <\/span><\/span>Emmanuel <\/span><\/span>Kant n\u2019a <\/span><\/span>jamais <\/span><\/span>lu une page ni de saint Albert le Grand, ni de saint Thomas d\u2019Aquin,<\/span><\/span> ni<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> saint<\/span><\/span> Bonaventure,<\/span><\/span> ni<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Jean<\/span><\/span> Duns<\/span><\/span> Scot,<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> critique<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> fait<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> preuves<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019existence<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Dieu n\u2019effleure m\u00eame pas les analyses des ma\u00eetres du XIII<\/span><\/span>e\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle, tout simplement parce<\/span><\/span> que Kant<\/span><\/span> s\u2019imaginait<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9taphysique<\/span><\/span> doit<\/span><\/span> \u00eatre<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> pure<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9duction<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> priori<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> concepts,<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> mani\u00e8re <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>l\u2019illustre <\/span><\/span>Wolff,<\/span><\/span> tandis <\/span><\/span>que les <\/span><\/span>ma\u00eetres <\/span><\/span>que <\/span><\/span>j\u2019ai nomm\u00e9s <\/span><\/span>savaient<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> l\u2019analyse<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9taphysique<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> analyse<\/span><\/span> inductive,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>fond\u00e9e<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> objective<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> exp\u00e9rimentale.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          En<\/span><\/span> second<\/span><\/span> lieu<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9ologie<\/span><\/span> catholique<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> classique<\/span><\/span> sait<\/span><\/span> fort<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019avant<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> partir<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la parole de Dieu ou de la r\u00e9v\u00e9lation pour commencer \u00e0 <\/span><\/span>faire <\/span><\/span>de la th\u00e9ologie, <\/span><\/span>qui est <\/span><\/span>l\u2019explicitation<\/span><\/span> de <\/span><\/span>la<\/span><\/span> parole<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> Dieu<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9v\u00e9lation,<\/span><\/span> il<\/span><\/span> faut<\/span><\/span> d\u2019abord<\/span><\/span> avoir<\/span><\/span> \u00e9tabli<\/span><\/span> le<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>fait<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>que<\/span><\/span> Dieu<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> parl\u00e9,<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> fait<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> Dieu<\/span><\/span> s\u2019est<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9,<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire<\/span><\/span> le<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>fait<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>r\u00e9v\u00e9lation.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          C\u2019est l\u2019\u00e9vidence m\u00eame, <\/span><\/span>aux yeux <\/span><\/span>de la <\/span><\/span>plus <\/span><\/span>\u00e9l\u00e9mentaire <\/span><\/span>logique, <\/span><\/span>et un <\/span><\/span>enfant <\/span><\/span>de 8<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>ans <\/span><\/span>comprendrait cela que nos modernes irrationalistes semblent avoir oubli\u00e9. Ce n\u2019est pas <\/span><\/span>moi <\/span><\/span>qui<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> dis, je ne me permettrais pas d\u2019innover en <\/span><\/span>ce <\/span><\/span>domaine. C\u2019est <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>pape Pie\u00a0<\/span><\/span>IX <\/span><\/span>qui, dans son<\/span><\/span> Encyclique <\/span><\/span>Qui pluribus <\/i><\/span><\/span>du 9\u00a0novembre 1846, s\u2019exprime en ces termes<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          La<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>raison<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>humaine,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>afin<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>que<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>dans<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>une<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>affaire<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>d\u2019une<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>si<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>grande<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>importance,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>elle<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ne<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>soit<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>pas<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>d\u00e9\u00e7ue, <\/i><\/span><\/span>et<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>afin<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>qu\u2019elle<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ne<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>se<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>trompe<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>pas,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>\u2014<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>il<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>faut<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>qu\u2019elle<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>fasse<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>une<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>enqu\u00eate<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>finquirat<\/span><\/span> d\u2019une<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>mani\u00e8re<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>diligente,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>afin<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>d\u2019\u00e9tablir<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>le<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>fait<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>r\u00e9v\u00e9lation<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>divine,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>divinae<\/span><\/span> revelationis<\/span><\/span> factum,<\/span><\/span> afin<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>qu<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span>il<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>soit<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>\u00e9tabli<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>d\u2019une mani\u00e8re<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>certaine<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>pour<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>elle,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>raison<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>humaine,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ut<\/span><\/span> certo<\/span><\/span> sibi<\/span><\/span> constet,<\/span><\/span> que<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Dieu<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>a<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>parl\u00e9,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Deum<\/span><\/span> esse <\/span><\/span>locutum, <\/span><\/span>et <\/i><\/span><\/span>pour qu\u2019elle, \u2014<\/i><\/span><\/span> toujours <\/i><\/span><\/span>la <\/i><\/span><\/span>raison <\/i><\/span><\/span>humaine <\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2014 <\/i><\/span><\/span>puisse rendre <\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/i><\/span><\/span>Dieu, <\/i><\/span><\/span>comme <\/i><\/span><\/span>l\u2019enseigne<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>tr\u00e8s sagement<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>l\u2019ap\u00f4tre<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Paul,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>un<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>culte<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>rationnel,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>un<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>culte<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>logique,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>logiken latreian<\/span><\/span> (Rm<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span>12,1).<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          Le cardinal Deschamps, que nous avons d\u00e9j\u00e0 cit\u00e9 \u00e0 propos de la valeur de la raison<\/span><\/span> humaine \u00e0 d\u00e9fendre contre ses d\u00e9tracteurs, \u00e9crivait en 1869\u00a0:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          C\u2019est la raison (\u2026) qui appelle la r\u00e9v\u00e9lation, et c\u2019est \u00e0 la <\/i><\/span><\/span>raison que <\/i><\/span><\/span>la <\/i><\/span><\/span>r\u00e9v\u00e9lation<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>s\u2019adresse.<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>C\u2019est<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>\u00e0<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>raison<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>que<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>Dieu<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>parle,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>c\u2019est<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>\u00e0<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>raison<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>qu\u2019il<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>demande<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>foi<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>(au<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>sens<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>o\u00f9<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>l\u2019entend<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>th\u00e9ologie catholique, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire <\/i><\/span><\/span>l\u2019assentiment <\/i><\/span><\/span>de l\u2019intelligence), <\/i><\/span><\/span>et il ne la <\/i><\/span><\/span>lui <\/i><\/span><\/span>demande qu\u2019apr\u00e8s<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>lui <\/i><\/span><\/span>avoir fait voir que c\u2019est bien lui qui parle. La <\/i><\/span><\/span>raison <\/i><\/span><\/span>qui <\/i><\/span><\/span>demande <\/i><\/span><\/span>le <\/i><\/span><\/span>t\u00e9moignage <\/i><\/span><\/span>de <\/i><\/span><\/span>Dieu <\/i><\/span><\/span>sur<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>les r\u00e9alit\u00e9s<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>vie<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>future<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>n<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span>adh\u00e8re<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>donc<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>\u00e0<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ce<\/i><\/span><\/span> t\u00e9moignage <\/i><\/span><\/span>avec<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>certitude<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>surnaturelle<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>foi<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>qu<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span>apr\u00e8s <\/i><\/span><\/span>avoir<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>vu<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>de<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>ses<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>propres<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>yeux,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>v\u00e9rifi\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>par<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>sa<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>propre<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>lumi\u00e8re<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>et<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>avec<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>certitude<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>naturelle<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>qui<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>lui est <\/i><\/span><\/span>propre, <\/i><\/span><\/span>le fait divin de la<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>r\u00e9v\u00e9lation.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          Je <\/span><\/span>vous disais tout <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>l\u2019heure que, <\/span><\/span>heureusement, <\/span><\/span>l\u2019humanit\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>est <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>plus <\/span><\/span>en <\/span><\/span>plus <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>sera <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>plus<\/span><\/span> en <\/span><\/span>plus form\u00e9e par les <\/span><\/span>sciences exp\u00e9rimentales <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>ainsi <\/span><\/span>elle <\/span><\/span>apprend <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>raisonner, <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>penser d\u2019une<\/span><\/span> mani\u00e8re <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>plus <\/span><\/span>en <\/span><\/span>plus <\/span><\/span>correcte. <\/span><\/span>Elle <\/span><\/span>apprend <\/span><\/span>que <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>rationalit\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>ne se <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9termine <\/span><\/span>pas <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>priori, comme<\/span><\/span> le pensait Kant, mais a<\/span><\/span> posteriori, <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>partir <\/span><\/span>de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience <\/span><\/span>que Kant aimait si peu.<\/span><\/span> L\u2019humanit\u00e9 aujourd\u2019hui <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>demain <\/span><\/span>va <\/span><\/span>devenir <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>plus <\/span><\/span>en <\/span><\/span>plus exigeante <\/span><\/span>en ce <\/span><\/span>qui <\/span><\/span>concerne <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>v\u00e9rit\u00e9, <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>crit\u00e8res<\/span><\/span> de <\/span><\/span>la<\/span><\/span> v\u00e9rit\u00e9.<\/span><\/span> Elle<\/span><\/span> devient<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> deviendra<\/span><\/span> \u2014<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est<\/span><\/span> tr\u00e8s<\/span><\/span> heureux<\/span><\/span> \u2014<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> critique.<\/span><\/span> Il faut<\/span><\/span> donc que le<\/span><\/span> christianisme<\/span><\/span> se<\/span><\/span> pr\u00e9sente<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> comme<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> doctrine<\/span><\/span> v\u00e9rifiable<\/span><\/span> pour<\/span><\/span> toute<\/span><\/span> intelligence<\/span><\/span> loyale, <\/span><\/span>une <\/span><\/span>doctrine <\/span><\/span>qui <\/span><\/span>a un <\/span><\/span>fondement <\/span><\/span>et un <\/span><\/span>fondement<\/span><\/span> exp\u00e9rimental.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          Mais <\/span><\/span>alors, <\/span><\/span>me <\/span><\/span>direz-vous, <\/span><\/span>vous <\/span><\/span>voulez \u00e9liminer <\/span><\/span>tout <\/span><\/span>myst\u00e8re\u00a0? Que deviennent le <\/span><\/span>myst\u00e8re <\/i><\/span><\/span>et<\/span><\/span> la <\/span><\/span>foi <\/i><\/span><\/span>dans tout<\/span><\/span> cela\u00a0?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          D\u2019abord, <\/span><\/span>le mot <\/span><\/span>myst\u00e8re, <\/i><\/span><\/span>dans <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>Nouveau Testament, <\/span><\/span>ne <\/span><\/span>signifiait <\/span><\/span>pas <\/span><\/span>ce <\/span><\/span>qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> signifie<\/span><\/span> aujourd\u2019hui.<\/span><\/span> Le<\/span><\/span> mot<\/span><\/span> myst\u00e8re<\/span><\/span> aujourd\u2019hui<\/span><\/span> signifie<\/span><\/span> commun\u00e9ment<\/span><\/span> quelque<\/span><\/span> chose<\/span><\/span> d\u2019incompr\u00e9hensible<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> de <\/span><\/span>totalement <\/span><\/span>ferm\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>l\u2019intelligence <\/span><\/span>humaine. C\u2019est tout juste <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>contraire <\/span><\/span>dans la <\/span><\/span>langue <\/span><\/span>du<\/span><\/span> Nouveau <\/span><\/span>Testament. <\/span><\/span>Le <\/span><\/span>mot <\/span><\/span>myst\u00e8rion <\/i><\/span><\/span>que <\/span><\/span>nous avons <\/span><\/span>traduit par <\/span><\/span>myst\u00e8re <\/span><\/span>(ce qui n\u2019\u00e9tait pas tr\u00e8s fatigant)<\/span><\/span> est <\/span><\/span>la<\/span><\/span> traduction<\/span><\/span> d\u2019un<\/span><\/span> mot<\/span><\/span> aram\u00e9en,<\/span><\/span> raza,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>qui<\/span><\/span> signifie<\/span><\/span> le<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i>secret.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          Le <\/span><\/span>myst\u00e8re, <\/span><\/span>dans <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>langue <\/span><\/span>du <\/span><\/span>Nouveau Testament, <\/span><\/span>n\u2019est <\/span><\/span>pas quelque chose de ferm\u00e9<\/span><\/span> \u00e0 l\u2019intelligence humaine. <\/span><\/span>C\u2019est, <\/span><\/span>au <\/span><\/span>contraire, <\/span><\/span>un <\/span><\/span>secret <\/span><\/span>que Dieu <\/span><\/span>communique, <\/span><\/span>un <\/span><\/span>dessein secret<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019il <\/span><\/span>nous <\/span><\/span>donne <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>conna\u00eetre. <\/span><\/span>Les <\/span><\/span>myst\u00e8res, <\/span><\/span>dans <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>langue <\/span><\/span>du <\/span><\/span>Nouveau Testament, <\/span><\/span>sont <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>nourriture <\/span><\/span>m\u00eame de l\u2019intelligence. Le mot grec <\/span><\/span>must\u00e8rion <\/i><\/span><\/span>qu\u2019utilise le <\/span><\/span>Nouveau Testament <\/span><\/span>grec, <\/span><\/span>a <\/span><\/span>\u00e9t\u00e9<\/span><\/span> traduit<\/span><\/span> en <\/span><\/span>latin <\/span><\/span>par <\/span><\/span>sacramentum. <\/i><\/span><\/span>Les <\/span><\/span>myst\u00e8res <\/span><\/span>du <\/span><\/span>christianisme, <\/span><\/span>ce <\/span><\/span>sont <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>sacrements <\/span><\/span>de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019intelligence<\/span><\/span> chr\u00e9tienne, <\/span><\/span>sa <\/span><\/span>nourriture <\/span><\/span>propre, par laquelle elle vit et se<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9veloppe.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          Il ne saurait d\u2019ailleurs y avoir entre le christianisme <\/span><\/span>d\u2019une <\/span><\/span>part, les <\/span><\/span>sciences <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>l\u2019univers <\/span><\/span>et<\/span><\/span> de la<\/span><\/span> nature<\/span><\/span> d\u2019autre<\/span><\/span> part,<\/span><\/span> aucun<\/span><\/span> conflit,<\/span><\/span> tout<\/span><\/span> simplement<\/span><\/span> parce<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> sciences<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019univers<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la nature nous d\u00e9couvrent petit \u00e0 petit ce <\/span><\/span>qu\u2019est l\u2019univers, <\/span><\/span>ce que <\/span><\/span>sont <\/span><\/span>les \u00eatres qui le <\/span><\/span>peuplent,<\/span><\/span> tandis<\/span><\/span> que <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>christianisme <\/span><\/span>a <\/span><\/span>pour but <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>nous <\/span><\/span>enseigner <\/span><\/span>l\u2019origine <\/span><\/span>radicale de <\/span><\/span>l\u2019univers <\/span><\/span>et sa finalit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> ultime.<\/span><\/span> Les <\/span><\/span>sciences <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>l\u2019univers <\/span><\/span>et de la <\/span><\/span>nature <\/span><\/span>nous <\/span><\/span>enseignent l\u2019histoire <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>l\u2019univers <\/span><\/span>et de la <\/span><\/span>nature,<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire,<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> fait,<\/span><\/span> l\u2019histoire<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> cr\u00e9ation.<\/span><\/span> Le<\/span><\/span> christianisme<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> science<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> finalit\u00e9 de la cr\u00e9ation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          Le<\/span><\/span> christianisme<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9orie<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> R\u00e9el.<\/span><\/span> C\u2019est<\/span><\/span> m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> seule<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9orie<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/span><\/span> et coh\u00e9rente<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> R\u00e9el<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> existe.<\/span><\/span> Et<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9orie<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> R\u00e9el<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> fond\u00e9e,<\/span><\/span> dans<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/span><\/span> objective, dans<\/span><\/span> l\u2019exp\u00e9rience.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          Je<\/span><\/span> sais<\/span><\/span> fort<\/span><\/span> bien<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> cette<\/span><\/span> expression<\/span><\/span> fera<\/span><\/span> bondir<\/span><\/span> tel<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> tel<\/span><\/span> chroniqueur<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> s\u2019en<\/span><\/span> va<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9p\u00e9tant<\/span><\/span> \u00e0 <\/span><\/span>longueur<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> colonnes<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> christianisme<\/span><\/span> n\u2019a<\/span><\/span> rien<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9orique,<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> christianisme<\/span><\/span> n\u2019a<\/span><\/span> rien<\/span><\/span> de sp\u00e9culatif,<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> n\u2019est<\/span><\/span> pas<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9taphysique<\/span><\/span> ni<\/span><\/span> m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> doctrine.<\/span><\/span> Le<\/span><\/span> christianisme<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> Ap\u00f4tres,<\/span><\/span> le christianisme <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>Paul <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>l\u2019auteur <\/span><\/span>du <\/span><\/span>quatri\u00e8me <\/span><\/span>\u00c9vangile, <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>christianisme <\/span><\/span>des <\/span><\/span>P\u00e8res <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>des<\/span><\/span> grands <\/span><\/span>Docteurs<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> Moyen<\/span><\/span> \u00c2ge,<\/span><\/span> des<\/span><\/span> m\u00e9taphysiciens<\/span><\/span> chr\u00e9tiens<\/span><\/span> jusqu\u2019\u00e0<\/span><\/span> Maurice<\/span><\/span> Blondel,<\/span><\/span> Jacques<\/span><\/span> Maritain<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> Etienne Gilson, <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>christianisme <\/span><\/span>des <\/span><\/span>grands <\/span><\/span>docteurs mystiques, <\/span><\/span>est<\/span><\/span> \u00e9minemment<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> d\u2019abord contemplation. Le christianisme ne se r\u00e9duit <\/span><\/span>pas <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 une <\/span><\/span>pratique <\/span><\/span>ni \u00e0 une <\/span><\/span>politique. <\/span><\/span>La<\/span><\/span> pratique<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9sulte <\/span><\/span>de la <\/span><\/span>vie <\/span><\/span>contemplative, <\/span><\/span>elle <\/span><\/span>en <\/span><\/span>est une <\/span><\/span>cons\u00e9quence, <\/span><\/span>une <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9rivation, <\/span><\/span>une <\/span><\/span>implication. <\/span><\/span>Mais<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> contemplation<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> premi\u00e8re.<\/span><\/span> Et<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> contemplation<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> l\u2019acte<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> notre<\/span><\/span> intelligence<\/span><\/span> nourrie<\/span><\/span> par<\/span><\/span> les <\/span><\/span>myst\u00e8res<\/span><\/span> chr\u00e9tiens.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          Le<\/span><\/span> christianisme<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9orie<\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> R\u00e9el.<\/span><\/span> Il<\/span><\/span> ne<\/span><\/span> franchira,<\/span><\/span> jeune<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> vigoureux<\/span><\/span> comme <\/span><\/span>aux <\/span><\/span>premiers <\/span><\/span>jours, <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>seuil <\/span><\/span>du <\/span><\/span>XXI<\/span><\/span>e\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/sup>si\u00e8cle, <\/span><\/span>que <\/span><\/span>s\u2019il <\/span><\/span>sait <\/span><\/span>se <\/span><\/span>pr\u00e9senter <\/span><\/span>aux <\/span><\/span>hommes <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>demain <\/span><\/span>pour<\/span><\/span> ce qu\u2019il<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span> une<\/span><\/span> doctrine<\/span><\/span> intelligible,<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> nourriture<\/span><\/span> m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019intelligence<\/span><\/span> humaine,<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> science<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> cr\u00e9ation <\/span><\/span>en <\/span><\/span>train <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>s\u2019effectuer, <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>science <\/span><\/span>par <\/span><\/span>laquelle <\/span><\/span>est <\/span><\/span>cr\u00e9\u00e9e l\u2019Humanit\u00e9 nouvelle avec<\/span><\/span> sa coop\u00e9ration active <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>intelligente. <\/span><\/span>Les <\/span><\/span>hommes <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>demain comme <\/span><\/span>ceux <\/span><\/span>d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui <\/span><\/span>ne <\/span><\/span>recevront<\/span><\/span> le christianisme <\/span><\/span>que <\/span><\/span>s\u2019ils <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>comprennent, s\u2019ils peuvent <\/span><\/span>en <\/span><\/span>assimiler <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>contenu, <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>s\u2019ils<\/span><\/span> reconnaissent qu\u2019il est<\/span><\/span> v\u00e9rit\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          L\u2019irrationalisme <\/span><\/span>chr\u00e9tien <\/span><\/span>contemporain <\/span><\/span>est, <\/span><\/span>au <\/span><\/span>fond, parall\u00e8le <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>ces <\/span><\/span>mouvements <\/span><\/span>et<\/span><\/span> courants<\/span><\/span> gnostiques <\/span><\/span>qui <\/span><\/span>se <\/span><\/span>sont <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s pendant <\/span><\/span>les <\/span><\/span>premiers <\/span><\/span>si\u00e8cles <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>l\u2019\u00e8re chr\u00e9tienne, <\/span><\/span>puis ont \u00e9t\u00e9<\/span><\/span> repris<\/span><\/span> et <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s <\/span><\/span>par le <\/span><\/span>manich\u00e9isme <\/span><\/span>et le <\/span><\/span>n\u00e9o-manich\u00e9isme m\u00e9di\u00e9val. <\/span><\/span>Ces <\/span><\/span>gnostiques, <\/span><\/span>ces<\/span><\/span> manich\u00e9ens<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> ces<\/span><\/span> cathares<\/span><\/span> enseignaient<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> nature<\/span><\/span> humaine<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> mauvaise,<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> le<\/span><\/span> corps<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> mauvais,<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> la <\/span><\/span>sexualit\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>est <\/span><\/span>mauvaise. L\u2019\u00c9glise <\/span><\/span>des <\/span><\/span>premiers si\u00e8cles <\/span><\/span>a, on peut <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>dire, pass\u00e9 son temps <\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/span><\/span> affirmer<\/span><\/span> contre <\/span><\/span>ces <\/span><\/span>sectes l\u2019excellence <\/span><\/span>de la <\/span><\/span>nature <\/span><\/span>humaine, l\u2019excellence <\/span><\/span>de <\/span><\/span>l\u2019ordre <\/span><\/span>physique et<\/span><\/span> biologique.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          Les <\/span><\/span>mouvements <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>courants irrationalistes <\/span><\/span>contemporains <\/span><\/span>sont tout <\/span><\/span>pr\u00e8s <\/span><\/span>d\u2019affirmer <\/span><\/span>que<\/span><\/span> la raison <\/span><\/span>est <\/span><\/span>mauvaise, <\/span><\/span>que le <\/span><\/span>rationalisme <\/span><\/span>est <\/span><\/span>mauvais, <\/span><\/span>que la <\/span><\/span>rationalit\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>est <\/span><\/span>mauvaise. <\/span><\/span>En <\/span><\/span>tous cas,<\/span><\/span> ils <\/span><\/span>affirment,<\/span><\/span> depuis<\/span><\/span> Luther,<\/span><\/span> qu\u2019\u00e0<\/span><\/span> cause<\/span><\/span> du<\/span><\/span> p\u00e9ch\u00e9<\/span><\/span> originel<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> raison<\/span><\/span> humaine<\/span><\/span> est<\/span><\/span> impuissante.<\/span><\/span> Contre<\/span><\/span> ce <\/span><\/span>pessimisme, <\/span><\/span>l\u2019orthodoxie chr\u00e9tienne enseigne <\/span><\/span>l\u2019excellence <\/span><\/span>de la <\/span><\/span>raison <\/span><\/span>humaine, <\/span><\/span>l\u2019excellence<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> l\u2019intelligence<\/span><\/span> humaine,<\/span><\/span> sa<\/span><\/span> puissance<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> sa<\/span><\/span> haute<\/span><\/span> dignit\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          La<\/span><\/span> seule<\/span><\/span> chose,<\/span><\/span> en<\/span><\/span> r\u00e9alit\u00e9,<\/span><\/span> que<\/span><\/span> nos<\/span><\/span> fr\u00e8res<\/span><\/span> ath\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> rationalistes,<\/span><\/span> aupr\u00e8s<\/span><\/span> de<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> nous<\/span><\/span> sommes<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9shonor\u00e9s,<\/span><\/span> pourraient<\/span><\/span> reprocher<\/span><\/span> \u00e0<\/span><\/span> la<\/span><\/span> th\u00e9ologie<\/span><\/span> chr\u00e9tienne<\/span><\/span> catholique,<\/span><\/span> serait<\/span><\/span> d\u2019\u00eatre<\/span><\/span> rationaliste<\/span><\/span> \u00e0 l\u2019exc\u00e8s, <\/span><\/span>d\u2019\u00eatre <\/span><\/span>rationaliste d\u2019une <\/span><\/span>mani\u00e8re intemp\u00e9rante, <\/span><\/span>puisque, comme <\/span><\/span>nous <\/span><\/span>l\u2019avons <\/span><\/span>vu, aux yeux<\/span><\/span> de <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>th\u00e9ologie catholique, <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>m\u00e9taphysique <\/span><\/span>est <\/span><\/span>une <\/span><\/span>science <\/span><\/span>de ce <\/span><\/span>qui est, <\/span><\/span>et \u00e0 <\/span><\/span>ses propres yeux,<\/span><\/span> la <\/span><\/span>th\u00e9ologie <\/span><\/span>catholique est aussi une<\/span><\/span> science.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          Ce <\/span><\/span>que <\/span><\/span>l\u2019ath\u00e9isme moderne vomit <\/span><\/span>dans <\/span><\/span>le <\/span><\/span>christianisme, <\/span><\/span>ce qui fait vomir les meilleurs,<\/span><\/span> les plus \u00e9minents parmi nos <\/span><\/span>fr\u00e8res ath\u00e9es, <\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span>savants, <\/span><\/span>ce <\/span><\/span>sont nos <\/span><\/span>h\u00e9r\u00e9sies, <\/span><\/span>c\u2019est <\/span><\/span>la pathologie<\/span><\/span> du christianisme, et si, pendant plusieurs <\/span><\/span>si\u00e8cles, <\/span><\/span>la <\/span><\/span>pathologie <\/span><\/span>du <\/span><\/span>christianisme <\/span><\/span>ce <\/span><\/span>fut<\/span><\/span> l\u2019h\u00e9r\u00e9sie<\/span><\/span> manich\u00e9enne<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> cathare,<\/span><\/span> aujourd\u2019hui<\/span><\/span> c\u2019est<\/span><\/span> certainement<\/span><\/span> l\u2019irrationalisme<\/span><\/span> plus<\/span><\/span> ou<\/span><\/span> moins<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9lirant<\/span><\/span> qui<\/span><\/span> tend <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 <\/span><\/span>nous<\/span><\/span> submerger.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Conf\u00e9rence donn\u00e9e \u00e0 Notre-Dame de Paris le 6\u00a0novembre 1977. Le christianisme orthodoxe a toujours pens\u00e9 et profess\u00e9 que l\u2019existence de Dieu est connaissable d\u2019une mani\u00e8re certaine par l\u2019intelligence humaine, \u00e0 partir de la cr\u00e9ation, \u00e0 partir du monde physique et de tout ce qu\u2019il renferme, \u00e0 partir de la nature. Autrement dit, la cr\u00e9ation, l\u2019univers […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":17574,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1419],"tags":[776,280,264,582,1170,465,1029,157,946],"class_list":["post-20414","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tresmontant-claude","tag-catholicisme","tag-christianisme","tag-contemplation","tag-foi","tag-kant","tag-raison","tag-rationalite","tag-religion","tag-theologie"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLe christianisme et la raison par Claude Tresmontant - 3e mill\u00e9naire - Spiritualit\u00e9 - Connaissance de soi - Non-dualit\u00e9 - M\u00e9ditation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revue3emillenaire.com\/blog\/le-christianisme-et-la-raison-par-claude-tresmontant\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Le christianisme et la raison par Claude Tresmontant - 3e mill\u00e9naire - Spiritualit\u00e9 - Connaissance de soi - Non-dualit\u00e9 - M\u00e9ditation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Conf\u00e9rence donn\u00e9e \u00e0 Notre-Dame de Paris le 6\u00a0novembre 1977. Le christianisme orthodoxe a toujours pens\u00e9 et profess\u00e9 que l\u2019existence de Dieu est connaissable d\u2019une mani\u00e8re certaine par l\u2019intelligence humaine, \u00e0 partir de la cr\u00e9ation, \u00e0 partir du monde physique et de tout ce qu\u2019il renferme, \u00e0 partir de la nature. 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